A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
SIGMOD '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
An Adaptive Striping Architecture for Flash Memory Storage Systems of Embedded Systems
RTAS '02 Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS'02)
A self-balancing striping scheme for NAND-flash storage systems
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Higher reliability redundant disk arrays: Organization, operation, and coding
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
FRA: a flash-aware redundancy array of flash storage devices
CODES+ISSS '09 Proceedings of the 7th IEEE/ACM international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Reliability and performance enhancement technique for SSD array storage system using RAID mechanism
ISCIT'09 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Communications and information technologies
Flash-Aware RAID Techniques for Dependable and High-Performance Flash Memory SSD
IEEE Transactions on Computers
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
FastScale: accelerate RAID scaling by minimizing data migration
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
A highly reliable and parallelizable data distribution scheme for data grids
Future Generation Computer Systems
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Due to the limited erasure/program cycles of flash memory, flashbased SSDs need to prolong their life time using wear-leveling mechanism to meet their advertised capacity all the time. However, there is no wear-leveling mechanism among SSDs in RAID system, which makes some SSDs wear out faster than others. Once any one of SSDs fails, reconstruction must be triggered immediately. But, the cost of this process is so high that the reliability and availability is affected seriously. We propose WeLe-RAID which introduces Wear-Leveling mechanism among flash SSDs to enhance the endurance of entire SSD-based RAID system. As we know that under the workload of random access pattern, parity stripes suffer from much more updates because every update to the data stripe would cause the modification to the related parity stripe. Based on this principle, we introduce age-driven parity distribution scheme to guarantee the wear-leveling among flash SSDs. At the same time, because of age-driven parity distribution, it brings into the performance benefit with better load balance. Compared with conventional RAID mechanism, it significantly improves the life span and performance with ignorable overhead.