Non-volatile memory for fast, reliable file systems
ASPLOS V Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
On efficient wear leveling for large-scale flash-memory storage systems
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Applied computing
A group-based wear-leveling algorithm for large-capacity flash memory storage systems
CASES '07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Compilers, architecture, and synthesis for embedded systems
Improving NAND Flash Based Disk Caches
ISCA '08 Proceedings of the 35th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Gordon: using flash memory to build fast, power-efficient clusters for data-intensive applications
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Differential RAID: Rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
DASH-IO: an empirical study of flash-based IO for HPC
Proceedings of the 2010 TeraGrid Conference
Extending SSD lifetimes with disk-based write caches
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
Write endurance in flash drives: measurements and analysis
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
Removing the costs of indirection in flash-based SSDs with nameless writes
HotStorage'10 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
How i learned to stop worrying and love flash endurance
HotStorage'10 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
FlashPower: a detailed power model for NAND flash memory
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
High durability in NAND flash memory through effective page reuse mechanisms
CODES/ISSS '10 Proceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
DASH: a Recipe for a Flash-based Data Intensive Supercomputer
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
Architectures and optimization methods of flash memory based storage systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Proceedings of the 19th ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field programmable gate arrays
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Reliably erasing data from flash-based solid state drives
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
A lifespan-aware reliability scheme for RAID-based flash storage
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing
A novel method to extend flash memory lifetime in flash-based DBMS
DASFAA'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Database systems for advanced applications
SSD characterization: from energy consumption's perspective
HotStorage'11 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
Extracting device fingerprints from flash memory by exploiting physical variations
TRUST'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Trust and trustworthy computing
Understanding the impact of power loss on flash memory
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
ShiftFlash: Make flash-based storage more resilient and robust
Performance Evaluation
WeLe-RAID: a SSD-based RAID for system endurance and performance
NPC'11 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP international conference on Network and parallel computing
Design Considerations for Multilevel CMOS/Nano Memristive Memory
ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC)
Delta-FTL: improving SSD lifetime via exploiting content locality
Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems
A mathematical model of the trim command in NAND-flash SSDs
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference
De-indirection for flash-based SSDs with nameless writes
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
The bleak future of NAND flash memory
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Optimizing NAND flash-based SSDs via retention relaxation
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Lifetime management of flash-based SSDs using recovery-aware dynamic throttling
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Meta-Cure: a reliability enhancement strategy for metadata in NAND flash memory storage systems
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Design Automation Conference
Software controlled cell bit-density to improve NAND flash lifetime
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Design Automation Conference
Constructing large and fast multi-level cell STT-MRAM based cache for embedded processors
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Design Automation Conference
Enhancing SSD reliability through efficient RAID support
Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems
Data node encrypted file system: efficient secure deletion for flash memory
Security'12 Proceedings of the 21st USENIX conference on Security symposium
BVSSD: build built-in versioning flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
GANGRENE: exploring the mortality of flash memory
HotSec'12 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Security
Enhancing SSD reliability through efficient RAID support
APSys'12 Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific conference on Systems
EuroGP'13 Proceedings of the 16th European conference on Genetic Programming
Estimating MLC NAND flash endurance: a genetic programming based symbolic regression application
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Memorage: emerging persistent RAM based malleable main memory and storage architecture
Proceedings of the 27th international ACM conference on International conference on supercomputing
Energy-aware I/O optimization for checkpoint and restart on a NAND flash memory system
Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Fault-tolerance for HPC at extreme scale
Power-reduction techniques for data-center storage systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
DA-RAID-5: a disturb aware data protection technique for NAND flash storage systems
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Underpowering NAND flash: profits and perils
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
Product code schemes for error correction in MLC NAND flash memories
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Error patterns in MLC NAND flash memory: measurement, characterization, and analysis
DATE '12 Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
3D-FlashMap: a physical-location-aware block mapping strategy for 3D NAND flash memory
DATE '12 Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Modern flash technologies: a flash translation layer perspective
International Journal of High Performance Systems Architecture
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
A survey of address translation technologies for flash memories
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
What systems researchers need to know about NAND flash
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
Don't let RAID raid the lifetime of your SSD array
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
The harey tortoise: managing heterogeneous write performance in SSDs
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Improving flash write performance by using update frequency
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Integrated 3D-stacked server designs for increasing physical density of key-value stores
Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Diversifying wear index for MLC NAND flash memory to extend the lifetime of SSDs
Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Embedded Software
A Study of Linux File System Evolution
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
A disturb-alleviation scheme for 3D flash memory
Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
International Journal of Computational Intelligence Studies
A study of Linux file system evolution
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Extending the lifetime of flash-based storage through reducing write amplification from file systems
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Understanding the robustness of SSDS under power fault
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Wear unleveling: improving NAND flash lifetime by balancing page endurance
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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Despite flash memory's promise, it suffers from many idiosyncrasies such as limited durability, data integrity problems, and asymmetry in operation granularity. As architects, we aim to find ways to overcome these idiosyncrasies while exploiting flash memory's useful characteristics. To be successful, we must understand the trade-offs between the performance, cost (in both power and dollars), and reliability of flash memory. In addition, we must understand how different usage patterns affect these characteristics. Flash manufacturers provide conservative guidelines about these metrics, and this lack of detail makes it difficult to design systems that fully exploit flash memory's capabilities. We have empirically characterized flash memory technology from five manufacturers by directly measuring the performance, power, and reliability. We demonstrate that performance varies significantly between vendors, devices, and from publicly available datasheets. We also demonstrate and quantify some unexpected device characteristics and show how we can use them to improve responsiveness and energy consumption of solid state disks by 44% and 13%, respectively, as well as increase flash device lifetime by 5.2x.