Disk Drive Roadmap from the Thermal Perspective: A Case for Dynamic Thermal Management
Proceedings of the 32nd annual international symposium on Computer Architecture
Design tradeoffs for SSD performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Write endurance in flash drives: measurements and analysis
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Exploiting memory device wear-out dynamics to improve NAND flash memory system performance
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
ShiftFlash: Make flash-based storage more resilient and robust
Performance Evaluation
Lifetime management of flash-based SSDs using recovery-aware dynamic throttling
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
A flexible OS-based approach for characterizing solid-state disk endurance
Proceedings of the 9th conference on Computing Frontiers
Estimating MLC NAND flash endurance: a genetic programming based symbolic regression application
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Improving NAND endurance by dynamic program and erase scaling
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
What systems researchers need to know about NAND flash
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
Wear unleveling: improving NAND flash lifetime by balancing page endurance
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Lifetime improvement of NAND flash-based storage systems using dynamic program and erase scaling
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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Flash memory in Solid-State Disks (SSDs) has gained tremendous popularity in recent years. The performance and power benefits of SSDs are especially attractive for use in data centers, whose workloads are I/O intensive. However, the apparent limited write-endurance of flash memory has posed an impediment to the wide deployment of SSDs in data centers. Prior architecture and system level studies of flash memory have used simplistic endurance estimates derived from datasheets to highlight these concerns. In this paper, we model the physical processes that affect endurance, which include both stresses to the memory cells as well as a recovery process. Using this model, we show that the recovery process, which the prior studies did not consider, significantly boosts flash endurance. Using a set of real enterprise workloads, we show that this recovery process allows for orders of magnitude higher number of writes and erases than those given in datasheets. Our results indicate that SSDs that use standard wear-leveling techniques are much more resilient under realistic operating conditions than previously assumed and serve to explain some trends observed in recent flash measurement studies.