Algorithms and data structures for flash memories
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
A superblock-based flash translation layer for NAND flash memory
EMSOFT '06 Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software
Competitive analysis of flash-memory algorithms
ESA'06 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Annual European Symposium - Volume 14
The Behavior Analysis of Flash-Memory Storage Systems
ISORC '08 Proceedings of the 2008 11th IEEE Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing
LAST: locality-aware sector translation for NAND flash memory-based storage systems
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Power and performance characteristics of USB flash drives
WOWMOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Characterizing the performance of flash memory storage devices and its impact on algorithm design
WEA'08 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Experimental algorithms
System software for flash memory: a survey
EUC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing
A space-efficient flash translation layer for CompactFlash systems
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
Removing the costs of indirection in flash-based SSDs with nameless writes
HotStorage'10 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
How i learned to stop worrying and love flash endurance
HotStorage'10 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing
Understanding the impact of power loss on flash memory
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
De-indirection for flash-based SSDs with nameless writes
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Lifetime management of flash-based SSDs using recovery-aware dynamic throttling
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
A flexible OS-based approach for characterizing solid-state disk endurance
Proceedings of the 9th conference on Computing Frontiers
BVSSD: build built-in versioning flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
GANGRENE: exploring the mortality of flash memory
HotSec'12 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Security
EuroGP'13 Proceedings of the 16th European conference on Genetic Programming
Estimating MLC NAND flash endurance: a genetic programming based symbolic regression application
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Phase-change memory: An architectural perspective
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Underpowering NAND flash: profits and perils
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
High performance & low latency in solid-state drives through redundancy
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads
What systems researchers need to know about NAND flash
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
Challenges in getting flash drives closer to CPU
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
Diversifying wear index for MLC NAND flash memory to extend the lifetime of SSDs
Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Embedded Software
A Study of Linux File System Evolution
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
A study of Linux file system evolution
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Getting real: lessons in transitioning research simulations into hardware systems
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Extending the lifetime of flash-based storage through reducing write amplification from file systems
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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We examine the write endurance of USB flash drives using a range of approaches: chip-level measurements, reverse engineering, timing analysis, whole-device endurance testing, and simulation. The focus of our investigation is not only measured endurance, but underlying factors at the level of chips and algorithms--both typical and ideal--which determine the endurance of a device. Our chip-level measurements show endurance far in excess of nominal values quoted by manufacturers, by a factor of as much as 100. We reverse engineer specifics of the Flash Translation Layers (FTLs) used by several devices, and find a close correlation between measured whole-device endurance and predictions from reverse-engineered FTL parameters and measured chip endurance values. We present methods based on analysis of operation latency which provide a non-intrusive mechanism for determining FTL parameters. Finally we present Monte Carlo simulation results giving numerical bounds on endurance achievable by any on-line algorithm in the face of arbitrary or malicious access patterns.