The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
eNVy: a non-volatile, main memory storage system
ASPLOS VI Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors
Communications of the ACM
An efficient management scheme for large-scale flash-memory storage systems
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Algorithms and data structures for flash memories
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Efficient identification of hot data for flash memory storage systems
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
LGeDBMS: a small DBMS for embedded system with flash memory
VLDB '06 Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Very large data bases
A superblock-based flash translation layer for NAND flash memory
EMSOFT '06 Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software
An adaptive two-level management for the flash translation layer in embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/ACM international conference on Computer-aided design
A design for high-performance flash disks
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - Systems work at Microsoft Research
Design of flash-based DBMS: an in-page logging approach
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
A log buffer-based flash translation layer using fully-associative sector translation
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Performance improvement of block based NAND flash translation layer
CODES+ISSS '07 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE/ACM international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
μ-tree: an ordered index structure for NAND flash memory
EMSOFT '07 Proceedings of the 7th ACM & IEEE international conference on Embedded software
A reconfigurable FTL (flash translation layer) architecture for NAND flash-based applications
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Design tradeoffs for SSD performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
μ-FTL:: a memory-efficient flash translation layer supporting multiple mapping granularities
EMSOFT '08 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Embedded software
LTFTL: lightweight time-shift flash translation layer for flash memory based embedded storage
EMSOFT '08 Proceedings of the 8th ACM international conference on Embedded software
LAST: locality-aware sector translation for NAND flash memory-based storage systems
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
JFTL: A flash translation layer based on a journal remapping for flash memory
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
FTL design exploration in reconfigurable high-performance SSD for server applications
Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Supercomputing
Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
A self-adjusting flash translation layer for resource-limited embedded systems
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
RNFTL: a reuse-aware NAND flash translation layer for flash memory
Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED 2010 conference on Languages, compilers, and tools for embedded systems
FASTer FTL for Enterprise-Class Flash Memory SSDs
SNAPI '10 Proceedings of the 2010 International Workshop on Storage Network Architecture and Parallel I/Os
A file-system-aware FTL design for flash-memory storage systems
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
KAST: K-Associative Sector Translation for NAND flash memory in real-time systems
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Demand-based block-level address mapping in large-scale NAND flash storage systems
CODES/ISSS '10 Proceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Janus-FTL: finding the optimal point on the spectrum between page and block mapping schemes
EMSOFT '10 Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Embedded software
Reliably erasing data from flash-based solid state drives
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
LazyFTL: a page-level flash translation layer optimized for NAND flash memory
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
MNFTL: an efficient flash translation layer for MLC NAND flash memory storage systems
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
System software for flash memory: a survey
EUC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing
HPCA '12 Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 18th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
De-indirection for flash-based SSDs with nameless writes
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Optimizing NAND flash-based SSDs via retention relaxation
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
A space-efficient flash translation layer for CompactFlash systems
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
HFTL: hybrid flash translation layer based on hot data identification for flash memory
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
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Flash is a type of Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM). Different from traditional magnetic disks, flash memories have no moving parts and are purely electronic devices, giving them unique advantages, such as lower access latency, lower power consumption, higher density, shock resistance, and lack of noise. However, existing applications cannot run directly on flash memories due to their special characteristics. Flash Translation Layer (FTL) is a software layer built on raw flash memories that emulates a normal block device like magnetic disks. Primary functionalities of the FTL include address translation, garbage collection, and wear leveling. This survey focuses on address translation technologies and provides a broad overview of existing schemes described in patents, journals, and conference proceedings.