Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Gecko: a contention-oblivious design for cloud storage
HotStorage'12 Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
Enhancing SSD reliability through efficient RAID support
Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems
Enhancing SSD reliability through efficient RAID support
APSys'12 Proceedings of the Third ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific conference on Systems
Quantitative estimation of the performance delay with propagation effects in disk power savings
HotPower'12 Proceedings of the 2012 USENIX conference on Power-Aware Computing and Systems
Improving Bandwidth Efficiency for Consistent Multistream Storage
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
EuroGP'13 Proceedings of the 16th European conference on Genetic Programming
Estimating MLC NAND flash endurance: a genetic programming based symbolic regression application
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Design of a large-scale storage-class RRAM system
Proceedings of the 27th international ACM conference on International conference on supercomputing
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Compiler directed write-mode selection for high performance low power volatile PCM
Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems
Phœnix: reviving MLC blocks as SLC to extend NAND flash devices lifetime
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Linux block IO: introducing multi-queue SSD access on multi-core systems
Proceedings of the 6th International Systems and Storage Conference
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads
High performance & low latency in solid-state drives through redundancy
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads
The harey tortoise: managing heterogeneous write performance in SSDs
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Improving flash write performance by using update frequency
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
LDPC-in-SSD: making advanced error correction codes work effectively in solid state drives
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Extending the lifetime of flash-based storage through reducing write amplification from file systems
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Understanding the robustness of SSDS under power fault
FAST'13 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
ReconFS: a reconstructable file system on flash storage
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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In recent years, flash-based SSDs have grown enormously both in capacity and popularity. In high-performance enterprise storage applications, accelerating adoption of SSDs is predicated on the ability of manufacturers to deliver performance that far exceeds disks while closing the gap in cost per gigabyte. However, while flash density continues to improve, other metrics such as a reliability, endurance, and performance are all declining. As a result, building larger-capacity flash-based SSDs that are reliable enough to be useful in enterprise settings and high-performance enough to justify their cost will become challenging. In this work, we present our empirical data collected from 45 flash chips from 6 manufacturers and examine the performance trends for these raw flash devices as flash scales down in feature size. We use this analysis to predict the performance and cost characteristics of future SSDs. We show that future gains in density will come at significant drops in performance and reliability. As a result, SSD manufacturers and users will face a tough choice in trading off between cost, performance, capacity and reliability.