Intel® Turbo Memory: Nonvolatile disk caches in the storage hierarchy of mainstream computer systems
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Migrating server storage to SSDs: analysis of tradeoffs
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
FAWN: a fast array of wimpy nodes
Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles
Characterizing flash memory: anomalies, observations, and applications
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Architectures and optimization methods of flash memory based storage systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Online availability upgrades for parity-based RAIDs through supplementary parity augmentations
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
SILT: a memory-efficient, high-performance key-value store
SOSP '11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
WeLe-RAID: a SSD-based RAID for system endurance and performance
NPC'11 Proceedings of the 8th IFIP international conference on Network and parallel computing
HPDA: A hybrid parity-based disk array for enhanced performance and reliability
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads
Scalable multi-access flash store for big data analytics
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM/SIGDA international symposium on Field-programmable gate arrays
Modeling the aging process of flash storage by leveraging semantic I/O
Future Generation Computer Systems
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SSDs exhibit very different failure characteristics compared to hard drives. In particular, the Bit Error Rate (BER) of an SSD climbs as it receives more writes. As a result, RAID arrays composed from SSDs are subject to correlated failures. By balancing writes evenly across the array, RAID schemes can wear out devices at similar times. When a device in the array fails towards the end of its lifetime, the high BER of the remaining devices can result in data loss. We propose Diff-RAID, a parity-based redundancy solution that creates an age differential in an array of SSDs. Diff-RAID distributes parity blocks unevenly across the array, leveraging their higher update rate to age devices at different rates. To maintain this age differential when old devices are replaced by new ones, Diff-RAID reshuffles the parity distribution on each drive replacement. We evaluate Diff-RAID's reliability by using real BER data from 12 flash chips on a simulator and show that it is more reliable than RAID-5, in some cases by multiple orders of magnitude. We also evaluate Diff-RAID's performance using a software implementation on a 5-device array of 80 GB Intel X25-M SSDs and show that it offers a trade-off between throughput and reliability.