A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID)
SIGMOD '88 Proceedings of the 1988 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Parity logging overcoming the small write problem in redundant disk arrays
ISCA '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual international symposium on computer architecture
The HP AutoRAID hierarchical storage system
SOSP '95 Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
DCD—disk caching disk: a new approach for boosting I/O performance
ISCA '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Hot mirroring: a method of hiding parity update penalty and degradation during rebuilds for RAID5
SIGMOD '96 Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Logging RAID - An Approach to Fast, Reliable, and Low-Cost Disk Arrays
Euro-Par '00 Proceedings from the 6th International Euro-Par Conference on Parallel Processing
RAPID-Cache ¾ A Reliable and Inexpensive Write Cache for Disk I/O Systems
HPCA '99 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture
A performance comparison of RAID-5 and log-structured arrays
HPDC '95 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing
Hibernator: helping disk arrays sleep through the winter
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Enhanced Reliability Modeling of RAID Storage Systems
DSN '07 Proceedings of the 37th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
Disk drive level workload characterization
ATEC '06 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX '06 Annual Technical Conference
TCON'95 Proceedings of the USENIX 1995 Technical Conference Proceedings
Disk failures in the real world: what does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you?
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
A five-year study of file-system metadata
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
AFRAID: a frequently redundant array of independent disks
ATEC '96 Proceedings of the 1996 annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Pergamum: replacing tape with energy efficient, reliable, disk-based archival storage
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
BPLRU: a buffer management scheme for improving random writes in flash storage
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Design tradeoffs for SSD performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Burstiness in multi-tier applications: symptoms, causes, and new models
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Migrating server storage to SSDs: analysis of tradeoffs
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
WorkOut: I/O workload outsourcing for boosting RAID reconstruction performance
FAST '09 Proccedings of the 7th conference on File and storage technologies
Proceedings of the eleventh international joint conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
FAWN: a fast array of wimpy nodes
Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles
Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Dynamic Data Reallocation in Hybrid Disk Arrays
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Extending SSD lifetimes with disk-based write caches
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
Mean time to meaningless: MTTDL, Markov models, and storage system reliability
HotStorage'10 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in storage and file systems
Flash-Aware RAID Techniques for Dependable and High-Performance Flash Memory SSD
IEEE Transactions on Computers
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Leveraging value locality in optimizing NAND flash-based SSDs
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Using MEMS-based storage in disk arrays
FAST'03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
Harmonia: A globally coordinated garbage collector for arrays of Solid-State Drives
MSST '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 27th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies
Thermal Modeling of Hybrid Storage Clusters
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
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Flash-based Solid State Drive (SSD) has been productively shipped and deployed in large scale storage systems. However, a single flash-based SSD cannot satisfy the capacity, performance and reliability requirements of the modern storage systems that support increasingly demanding data-intensive computing applications. Applying RAID schemes to SSDs to meet these requirements, while a logical and viable solution, faces many challenges. In this article, we propose a Hybrid Parity-based Disk Array architecture (short for HPDA), which combines a group of SSDs and two hard disk drives (HDDs) to improve the performance and reliability of SSD-based storage systems. In HPDA, the SSDs (data disks) and part of one HDD (parity disk) compose a RAID4 disk array. Meanwhile, a second HDD and the free space of the parity disk are mirrored to form a RAID1-style write buffer that temporarily absorbs the small write requests and acts as a surrogate set during recovery when a disk fails. The write data is reclaimed to the data disks during the lightly loaded or idle periods of the system. Reliability analysis shows that the reliability of HPDA, in terms of MTTDL (Mean Time To Data Loss), is better than that of either pure HDD-based or SSD-based disk array. Our prototype implementation of HPDA and the performance evaluations show that HPDA significantly outperforms either HDD-based or SSD-based disk array.