The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
SOSP '91 Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Non-volatile memory for fast, reliable file systems
ASPLOS V Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
eNVy: a non-volatile, main memory storage system
ASPLOS VI Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
HeRMES: High-Performance Reliable MRAM-Enabled Storage
HOTOS '01 Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems
Algorithms and data structures for flash memories
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Awarded Best Paper! - Using MEMS-Based Storage in Disk Arrays
FAST '03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
More Than an Interface---SCSI vs. ATA
FAST '03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Quickly finding near-optimal storage designs
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
FlashCache: a NAND flash memory file cache for low power web servers
CASES '06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
FlashDB: dynamic self-tuning database for NAND flash
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
A design for high-performance flash disks
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - Systems work at Microsoft Research
Microhash: an efficient index structure for fash-based sensor devices
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
TCON'95 Proceedings of the USENIX 1995 Technical Conference Proceedings
Disk failures in the real world: what does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you?
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Write off-loading: practical power management for enterprise storage
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Using utility to provision storage systems
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
A case for flash memory ssd in enterprise database applications
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Design tradeoffs for SSD performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Everest: scaling down peak loads through I/O off-loading
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
Proceedings of the eleventh international joint conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Modeling and simulating flash based solid-state disks for operating systems
Proceedings of the first joint WOSP/SIPEW international conference on Performance engineering
Clouds at the crossroads: research perspectives
Crossroads - Plugging Into the Cloud
Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Using transparent compression to improve SSD-based I/O caches
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Differential RAID: rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
Proceedings of the 5th European conference on Computer systems
Differential RAID: Rethinking RAID for SSD reliability
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Lithium: virtual machine storage for the cloud
Proceedings of the 1st ACM symposium on Cloud computing
SieveStore: a highly-selective, ensemble-level disk cache for cost-performance
Proceedings of the 37th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Extending SSD lifetimes with disk-based write caches
FAST'10 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on File and storage technologies
FlashVM: revisiting the virtual memory hierarchy
HotOS'09 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Hot topics in operating systems
Dynamic data reorganization for energy savings in disk storage systems
SSDBM'10 Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Scientific and statistical database management
FDTM: block level data migration policy in tiered storage system
NPC'10 Proceedings of the 2010 IFIP international conference on Network and parallel computing
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
Moneta: A High-Performance Storage Array Architecture for Next-Generation, Non-volatile Memories
MICRO '43 Proceedings of the 2010 43rd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Architectures and optimization methods of flash memory based storage systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Impact of flash memory on video-on-demand storage: analysis of tradeoffs
MMSys '11 Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Multimedia systems
Differentiated storage services
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Using solid state drives as a mid-tier cache in enterprise database OLTP applications
TPCTC'10 Proceedings of the Second TPC technology conference on Performance evaluation, measurement and characterization of complex systems
Cost effective storage using extent based dynamic tiering
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
A comprehensive study of energy efficiency and performance of flash-based SSD
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
SSDAlloc: hybrid SSD/RAM memory management made easy
Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Networked systems design and implementation
Operation-aware buffer management in flash-based systems
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
Turbocharging DBMS buffer pool using SSDs
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
Data management over flash memory
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
Disk-locality in datacenter computing considered irrelevant
HotOS'13 Proceedings of the 13th USENIX conference on Hot topics in operating systems
Trading memory for performance and energy
DASFAA'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Database systems for advanced applications
ShiftFlash: Make flash-based storage more resilient and robust
Performance Evaluation
Differentiated storage services
SOSP '11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
MEDI'11 Proceedings of the First international conference on Model and data engineering
HPDA: A hybrid parity-based disk array for enhanced performance and reliability
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Transparent Online Storage Compression at the Block-Level
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Reducing SSD read latency via NAND flash program and erase suspension
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Optimizing NAND flash-based SSDs via retention relaxation
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Concurrency and Computation: Practice & Experience
Improving database performance using a flash-based write cache
DASFAA'12 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications
Physically addressed queueing (PAQ): improving parallelism in solid state disks
Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture
Gecko: a contention-oblivious design for cloud storage
HotStorage'12 Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
An evaluation of different page allocation strategies on high-speed SSDs
HotStorage'12 Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
BVSSD: build built-in versioning flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
E-HASH: an energy-efficient hybrid storage system composed of one SSD and multiple HDDs
ICSI'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Swarm Intelligence - Volume Part II
Hybrid nonvolatile disk cache for energy-efficient and high-performance systems
ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES) - Special section on adaptive power management for energy and temperature-aware computing systems
Improving disk I/O performance in a virtualized system
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
Hybrid aggregates: combining SSDs and HDDs in a single storage pool
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
Improving Bandwidth Efficiency for Consistent Multistream Storage
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Taking garbage collection overheads off the critical path in SSDs
Proceedings of the 13th International Middleware Conference
Lifetime and QoS-aware energy-saving buffering schemes
Journal of Systems and Software
Power-reduction techniques for data-center storage systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
The impact of solid state drive on search engine cache management
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
HEC: improving endurance of high performance flash-based cache devices
Proceedings of the 6th International Systems and Storage Conference
Generalized Optimal Response Time Retrieval of Replicated Data from Storage Arrays
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Optimizing the file system with variable-length I/O for fast storage devices
Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems
Mapping granularity and performance tradeoffs for solid state drive
The Journal of Supercomputing
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads
Janus: optimal flash provisioning for cloud storage workloads
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
The Journal of Supercomputing
Correcting vibration-induced performance degradation in enterprise servers
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
CRAID: online RAID upgrades using dynamic hot data reorganization
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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Recently, flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) have become standard options for laptop and desktop storage, but their impact on enterprise server storage has not been studied. Provisioning server storage is challenging. It requires optimizing for the performance, capacity, power and reliability needs of the expected workload, all while minimizing financial costs. In this paper we analyze a number of workload traces from servers in both large and small data centers, to decide whether and how SSDs should be used to support each. We analyze both complete replacement of disks by SSDs, as well as use of SSDs as an intermediate tier between disks and DRAM. We describe an automated tool that, given device models and a block-level trace of a workload, determines the least-cost storage configuration that will support the workload's performance, capacity, and fault-tolerance requirements. We found that replacing disks by SSDs is not a costeffective option for any of our workloads, due to the low capacity per dollar of SSDs. Depending on the workload, the capacity per dollar of SSDs needs to increase by a factor of 3-3000 for an SSD-based solution to break even with a diskbased solution. Thus, without a large increase in SSD capacity per dollar, only the smallest volumes, such as system boot volumes, can be cost-effectively migrated to SSDs. The benefit of using SSDs as an intermediate caching tier is also limited: fewer than 10% of our workloads can reduce provisioning costs by using an SSD tier at today's capacity per dollar, and fewer than 20% can do so at any SSD capacity per dollar. Although SSDs are much more energy-efficient than enterprise disks, the energy savings are outweighed by the hardware costs, and comparable energy savings are achievable with low-power SATA disks.