The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
DRPM: dynamic speed control for power management in server class disks
Proceedings of the 30th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
An efficient R-tree implementation over flash-memory storage systems
GIS '03 Proceedings of the 11th ACM international symposium on Advances in geographic information systems
Program Counter Based Techniques for Dynamic Power Management
HPCA '04 Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture
Algorithms and data structures for flash memories
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
C-Miner: Mining Block Correlations in Storage Systems
FAST '04 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
SmartSaver: turning flash drive into a disk energy saver for mobile computers
Proceedings of the 2006 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
A superblock-based flash translation layer for NAND flash memory
EMSOFT '06 Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software
A transactional flash file system for microcontrollers
ATEC '05 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Design of flash-based DBMS: an in-page logging approach
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Journal-guided resynchronization for software RAID
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
DULO: an effective buffer cache management scheme to exploit both temporal and spatial locality
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
A flash-memory based file system
TCON'95 Proceedings of the USENIX 1995 Technical Conference Proceedings
Disk failures in the real world: what does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you?
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
A log buffer-based flash translation layer using fully-associative sector translation
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
DiskSeen: exploiting disk layout and access history to enhance I/O prefetch
ATC'07 2007 USENIX Annual Technical Conference on Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Communications of the ACM - Web science
BPLRU: a buffer management scheme for improving random writes in flash storage
FAST'08 Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Intel® Turbo Memory: Nonvolatile disk caches in the storage hierarchy of mainstream computer systems
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
A case for flash memory ssd in enterprise database applications
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Design tradeoffs for SSD performance
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
JFTL: A flash translation layer based on a journal remapping for flash memory
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Gordon: using flash memory to build fast, power-efficient clusters for data-intensive applications
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Migrating server storage to SSDs: analysis of tradeoffs
Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems
OSDI'08 Proceedings of the 8th USENIX conference on Operating systems design and implementation
System software for flash memory: a survey
EUC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing
A space-efficient flash translation layer for CompactFlash systems
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
Disk schedulers for solid state drivers
EMSOFT '09 Proceedings of the seventh ACM international conference on Embedded software
A multi-level elaborate least frequently/recently used buffer cache for flash storage systems
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Hybrid Information Technology
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Optimizations of LFS with slack space recycling and lazy indirect block update
Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Haifa Experimental Systems Conference
DASH-IO: an empirical study of flash-based IO for HPC
Proceedings of the 2010 TeraGrid Conference
Flashing databases: expectations and limitations
Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Data Management on New Hardware
StableBuffer: optimizing write performance for DBMS applications on flash devices
CIKM '10 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
FD-buffer: a buffer manager for databases on flash disks
CIKM '10 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Janus-FTL: finding the optimal point on the spectrum between page and block mapping schemes
EMSOFT '10 Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Embedded software
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
DASH: a Recipe for a Flash-based Data Intensive Supercomputer
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
Functional Partitioning to Optimize End-to-End Performance on Many-core Architectures
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM/IEEE International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
Tree indexing on solid state drives
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
FlashStore: high throughput persistent key-value store
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
SSD bufferpool extensions for database systems
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Moneta: A High-Performance Storage Array Architecture for Next-Generation, Non-volatile Memories
MICRO '43 Proceedings of the 2010 43rd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Architectures and optimization methods of flash memory based storage systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Impact of flash memory on video-on-demand storage: analysis of tradeoffs
MMSys '11 Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on Multimedia systems
Differentiated storage services
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
FAST: quick application launch on solid-state drives
FAST'11 Proceedings of the 9th USENIX conference on File and stroage technologies
Operation-aware buffer management in flash-based systems
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of data
Hystor: making the best use of solid state drives in high performance storage systems
Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing
Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing
A novel method to extend flash memory lifetime in flash-based DBMS
DASFAA'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Database systems for advanced applications
Log-compact R-tree: an efficient spatial index for SSD
DASFAA'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Database systems for advanced applications
ShiftFlash: Make flash-based storage more resilient and robust
Performance Evaluation
Differentiated storage services
SOSP '11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
HPDA: A hybrid parity-based disk array for enhanced performance and reliability
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
B+-tree index optimization by exploiting internal parallelism of flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Poster: a comprehensive benchmark suite for emerging solid state drives
Proceedings of the 2011 companion on High Performance Computing Networking, Storage and Analysis Companion
SFS: random write considered harmful in solid state drives
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FIOS: a fair, efficient flash I/O scheduler
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
PBFilter: A flash-based indexing scheme for embedded systems
Information Systems
Operating system support for dynamic over-provisioning of solid state drives
Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Making cost-based query optimization asymmetry-aware
DaMoN '12 Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Data Management on New Hardware
What is a good buffer cache replacement scheme for mobile flash storage?
Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGMETRICS/PERFORMANCE joint international conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems
A flash-based decomposition storage model
DASFAA'12 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications
An efficient method for record management in flash memory environment
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Non-linear compression: Gzip Me Not!
HotStorage'12 Proceedings of the 4th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
SI-CV: snapshot isolation with co-located versions
TPCTC'11 Proceedings of the Third TPC Technology conference on Topics in Performance Evaluation, Measurement and Characterization
SAC: rethinking the cache replacement policy for SSD-based storage systems
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Systems and Storage Conference
Smart layers and dumb result: IO characterization of an android-based smartphone
Proceedings of the tenth ACM international conference on Embedded software
High performance RDMA-based design of HDFS over InfiniBand
SC '12 Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis
Improving Bandwidth Efficiency for Consistent Multistream Storage
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
A mean field model for a class of garbage collection algorithms in flash-based solid state drives
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Revisiting widely held SSD expectations and rethinking system-level implications
Proceedings of the ACM SIGMETRICS/international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
FTL2: a hybrid flash translation layer with logging for write reduction in flash memory
Proceedings of the 14th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems
The impact of solid state drive on search engine cache management
Proceedings of the 36th international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
HEC: improving endurance of high performance flash-based cache devices
Proceedings of the 6th International Systems and Storage Conference
A generic front-stage for semi-stream processing
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference on information & knowledge management
Scan and join optimization by exploiting internal parallelism of flash-based solid state drives
WAIM'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Web-Age Information Management
Append storage in multi-version databases on flash
BNCOD'13 Proceedings of the 29th British National conference on Big Data
High performance & low latency in solid-state drives through redundancy
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Interactions of NVM/FLASH with Operating Systems and Workloads
What systems researchers need to know about NAND flash
HotStorage'13 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems
FlashFQ: a fair queueing I/O scheduler for flash-based SSDs
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
NoFTL: database systems on FTL-less flash storage
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
DHeating: dispersed heating repair for self-healing NAND flash memory
Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis
The Journal of Supercomputing
On the energy overhead of mobile storage systems
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Journaling of journal is (almost) free
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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Flash Memory based Solid State Drive (SSD) has been called a "pivotal technology" that could revolutionize data storage systems. Since SSD shares a common interface with the traditional hard disk drive (HDD), both physically and logically, an effective integration of SSD into the storage hierarchy is very important. However, details of SSD hardware implementations tend to be hidden behind such narrow interfaces. In fact, since sophisticated algorithms are usually, of necessity, adopted in SSD controller firmware, more complex performance dynamics are to be expected in SSD than in HDD systems. Most existing literature or product specifications on SSD just provide high-level descriptions and standard performance data, such as bandwidth and latency. In order to gain insight into the unique performance characteristics of SSD, we have conducted intensive experiments and measurements on different types of state-of-the-art SSDs, from low-end to high-end products. We have observed several unexpected performance issues and uncertain behavior of SSDs, which have not been reported in the literature. For example, we found that fragmentation could seriously impact performance -- by a factor of over 14 times on a recently announced SSD. Moreover, contrary to the common belief that accesses to SSD are uncorrelated with access patterns, we found a strong correlation between performance and the randomness of data accesses, for both reads and writes. In the worst case, average latency could increase by a factor of 89 and bandwidth could drop to only 0.025MB/sec. Our study reveals several unanticipated aspects in the performance dynamics of SSD technology that must be addressed by system designers and data-intensive application users in order to effectively place it in the storage hierarchy.