Bullseye! when Fitts' law doesn't fit
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Peephole displays: pen interaction on spatially aware handheld computers
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A simple movement time model for scrolling
CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Target acquisition with camera phones when used as magic lenses
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Peephole pointing: modeling acquisition of dynamically revealed targets
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Like bees around the hive: a comparative study of a mobile augmented reality map
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Augmented reality target finding based on tactile cues
Proceedings of the 2009 international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Feedback is... late: measuring multimodal delays in mobile device touchscreen interaction
International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces and the Workshop on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
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This study investigates movement time needed for exploring and selecting a target that is not seen in advance. An experiment where targets were presented with haptic, audio or visual feedback was conducted. The task of the participant was to search the targets with a hand held sensor-actuator device by horizontal scanning movements. The feedback appeared when the pointing was within the target boundaries. Range of distances to the target was varied between the experiment blocks. The results show that the modality did not have a significant effect on the total movement time but visual feedback yielded the shortest and haptic feedback the longest dwell time on target area. This was most probably caused by a visual priming effect and the slow haptic actuator rise time. The wider range of distances yielded longer movement times and within the widest range of distances the closest targets were explored longer than the targets in the middle. This was shown to be caused by the increased number of secondary submovements. The finding suggests that an alternative model to Fitts' law or linear prediction of target acquisition time should be developed taking into account the user's prior knowledge about target location.