CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An experiment on public speaking anxiety in response to three different types of virtual audience
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Physiological responses to different WEB page designs
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Application of affective computing in human—Computer interaction
Affective effects of agent proximity in conversational systems
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Real-time estimation of emotional experiences from facial expressions
Interacting with Computers
Social responses to virtual humans: implications for future interface design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Facial Activation Control Effect (FACE)
ACII '07 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
Impact of Expressive Wrinkles on Perception of a Virtual Character's Facial Expressions of Emotions
IVA '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Affective interaction: How emotional agents affect users
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Virtual proximity and facial expressions of computer agents regulate human emotions and attention
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA' 2010 Special Issue
Proxemics with multiple dynamic characters in an immersive virtual environment
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP)
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Exposure to distressing computer-generated stimuli and feedback of physiological changes during exposure have been effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders (e.g., social phobia). Here we studied voluntary facial activations as a method for regulating more spontaneous physiological changes during virtual social stimulation. Twenty-four participants with a low or high level of social anxiety activated either the corrugator supercilii (used in frowning) or the zygomaticus major (used in smiling) facial muscle to keep a female or a male computer character walking towards them. The more socially anxious participants had a higher level of skin conductance throughout the trials as compared to less anxious participants. Within both groups, short-term skin conductance responses were enhanced both during and after facial activations; and corrugator supercilii activations facilitated longer term electrodermal relaxation. Zygomaticus major activations had opposite effects on subjective emotional ratings of the less and the more socially anxious. In sum, voluntary facial activations were effective in regulating emotional arousal during virtual social exposure. Corrugator supercilii activation was found an especially promising method for facilitating autonomic relaxation.