International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Interactive graphical communication
Lines, Blobs, Crosses and Arrows: Diagrammatic Communication with Schematic Figures
Diagrams '00 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Theory and Application of Diagrams
On the Use of Visualization in Formal Requirements Specification
RE '02 Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary IEEE Joint International Conference on Requirements Engineering
The role of spatial abilities and age in performance in an auditory computer navigation task
Computers in Human Behavior
Animated demonstrations for learning procedural computer-based tasks
Human-Computer Interaction
Instructional animations can be superior to statics when learning human motor skills
Computers in Human Behavior
Using video and static pictures to improve learning of procedural contents
Computers in Human Behavior
Should hand actions be observed when learning hand motor skills from instructional animations?
Computers in Human Behavior
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The present study investigated the effects of multi-media modules and their combinations on the learning of procedural tasks. In the experiment, 72 participants were classified as having either low- or high spatial ability based on their spatial ability test. They were randomly assigned to one of the six experimental conditions in a 2x3 factorial design with verbal modality (on-screen text procedure vs. auditory procedure) and the format of visual representation (static visual representation vs. static visual representation with motion cues vs. animated visual representation). After they completed their learning session, the ability to perform the procedural task was directly measured in a realistic setting. The results revealed that: (1) in the condition of static visual representation, the high spatial ability group outperformed the low spatial ability group, (2) for the low spatial ability participants, the animated visual representation group outperformed the static visual representation group, however, the static visual representation with motion cues group did not outperform the static visual representation group, (3) the use of animated visual representation helped participants with low spatial ability more than those with high spatial ability, and (4) a modality effect was found for the measure of satisfaction when viewing the animated visual representation. Since the participants with low spatial ability benefited from the use of animation, the results might support an idea that people are better able to retrieve the procedural information by viewing animated representation. The findings also might reflect a preference for the auditory mode of presentation with greater familiarity with the type of visual representation.