SIGGRAPH '92 Proceedings of the 19th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Anatomy-based modeling of the human musculature
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Volume-Preserving Free-Form Solids
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Physically-based model for simulating the human trunk respiration movements
CVRMed-MRCAS '97 Proceedings of the First Joint Conference on Computer Vision, Virtual Reality and Robotics in Medicine and Medial Robotics and Computer-Assisted Surgery
Approximate simulation of elastic membranes by triangulated spring meshes
Journal of Graphics Tools
Real Time Muscle Deformations using Mass-Spring Systems
CGI '98 Proceedings of the Computer Graphics International 1998
Breathe easy: model and control of human respiration for computer animation
Graphical Models - Special issue on SCA 2004
Thoracic CT-PET registration using a 3D breathing model
MICCAI'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention - Volume Part I
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For the convincing modeling of virtual humans, realistic breathing is an important aspect. This paper is about the simulation of breathing, based on anatomical and physiological principles. We have built a torso, including a thorax, a deformable belly, and muscles. This results in a model with two independent breathing systems, namely abdominal and chest breathing, which gives a high degree of realism in simulating breathing. The generated spirograms, diagrams of lung volume changes, are comparable to normal human ones according to a medical expert. The generated videos show convincing breathing sequences at various frequencies. The model itself is made available for public use.