Incremental computation of planar maps
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A non-photorealistic lighting model for automatic technical illustration
Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Teddy: a sketching interface for 3D freeform design
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Computer Aided Geometric Design - Special issue dedicated to Paul de Faget de Casteljau
Lumo: illumination for cel animation
NPAR '02 Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering
FiberMesh: designing freeform surfaces with 3D curves
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
ShapePalettes: interactive normal transfer via sketching
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers
Diffusion curves: a vector representation for smooth-shaded images
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers
CrossSketch: freeform surface modeling with details
SBIM '07 Proceedings of the 4th Eurographics workshop on Sketch-based interfaces and modeling
Line Drawing Interpretation
ILoveSketch: as-natural-as-possible sketching system for creating 3d curve models
Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Technical Section: Sketch-based modeling: A survey
Computers and Graphics
How well do line drawings depict shape?
ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 papers
On expert performance in 3D curve-drawing tasks
Proceedings of the 6th Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Structured annotations for 2D-to-3D modeling
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 papers
Analytic drawing of 3D scaffolds
ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2009 papers
Construction of rational surface patches bounded by lines of curvature
Computer Aided Geometric Design
Single-view sketch based modeling
Proceedings of the Eighth Eurographics Symposium on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Freeform vector graphics with controlled thin-plate splines
Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia Conference
Slices: a shape-proxy based on planar sections
Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia Conference
Texture design and draping in 2D images
EGSR'09 Proceedings of the Twentieth Eurographics conference on Rendering
Repoussé: automatic inflation of 2D artwork
SBM'08 Proceedings of the Fifth Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
Surface flows for image-based shading design
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - SIGGRAPH 2012 Conference Proceedings
Surface perception of planar abstractions
ACM Transactions on Applied Perception (TAP) - Special issue SAP 2013
3D reconstruction from drawings with straight and curved edges
SIGGRAPH Asia 2013 Technical Briefs
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We facilitate the creation of 3D-looking shaded production drawings from concept sketches. The key to our approach is a class of commonly used construction curves known as cross-sections, that function as an aid to both sketch creation and viewer understanding of the depicted 3D shape. In particular, intersections of these curves, or cross-hairs, convey valuable 3D information, that viewers compose into a mental model of the overall sketch. We use the artist-drawn cross-sections to automatically infer the 3D normals across the sketch, enabling 3D-like rendering. The technical contribution of our work is twofold. First, we distill artistic guidelines for drawing cross-sections and insights from perception literature to introduce an explicit mathematical formulation of the relationships between cross-section curves and the geometry they aim to convey. We then use these relationships to develop an algorithm for estimating a normal field from cross-section curve networks and other curves present in concept sketches. We validate our formulation and algorithm through a user study and a ground truth normal comparison. As demonstrated by the examples throughout the paper, these contributions enable us to shade a wide range of concept sketches with a variety of rendering styles.