Navigating virtual reality by thought: what is it like?
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
The self-paced Graz brain-computer interface: methods and applications
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience - EEG/MEG Signal Processing
Fully online multicommand brain-computer interface with visual neurofeedback using SSVEP paradigm
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience - EEG/MEG Signal Processing
Goal-Oriented Control with Brain-Computer Interface
FAC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Foundations of Augmented Cognition. Neuroergonomics and Operational Neuroscience: Held as Part of HCI International 2009
Effects of p300-based bci use on reported presence in a virtual environment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Using a p300 brain--computer interface in an immersive virtual environment
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Free virtual navigation using motor imagery through an asynchronous brain--computer interface
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
A survey of stimulation methods used in SSVEP-based BCIs
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
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An open question in research nowadays is the usability of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) conceived to extend human capabilities of interaction within a virtual environment. Several paradigms are used for BCI, but the steady-state visual-evoked potential (SSVEP) stands out as it provides a higher information transfer rate while requiring less training. It is an electroencephalographic response detectable when the user looks at a flickering visual stimulus. This research proposes a novel approach for SSVEP-based BCI controller used here for navigation within a 3D virtual environment. For the first time, the flickering stimuli were integrated into virtual objects as a part of the virtual scene in a more transparent and ecological way. As an example, when navigating inside a virtual natural outdoor scene, we could embed the SSVEP flashes in the wings of virtual butterflies surrounding the user. We could also introduce the use of animated and moving stimulations when using SSVEP-based BCI, as the virtual butterflies were left with the possibility of moving and flying in front of the user. Moreover, users received real-time feedback of their mental activity and were thus aware of their detected SSVEP directly and continuously. An experiment has been conducted to assess the influence of both the feedback and the integrated controller on navigation performance and subjective preference. We found that the usage of a controller integrated within the virtual scene along with the feedback seems to improve subjective preference and feeling of presence, despite reduced performance in terms of speed. This suggests that SSVEP-based BCI interfaces for virtual environments could move on from static targets and use integrated and animated stimuli presented in an ecological way for controls in systems where performance demands could be relaxed to benefit an improvement in interaction naturalness.