Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hierarchical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
CA Approach to Collective Phenomena in Pedestrian Dynamics
ACRI '01 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cellular Automata for Research and Industry
Scenario description for multi-agent simulation
AAMAS '03 Proceedings of the second international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
An agent-based simulation of pedestrian dynamics: from lane formation to auditorium evacuation
AAMAS '06 Proceedings of the fifth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Graphical Models
MULTISCALE AGENT-BASED SIMULATION FOR CHONDROGENIC PATTERN FORMATION IN VITRO
Cybernetics and Systems
SITUATED CELLULAR AGENTS APPROACH TO CROWD MODELING AND SIMULATION
Cybernetics and Systems
Towards an Ontology for Crowds Description: A Proposal Based on Description Logic
ACRI '08 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Cellular Automata for Reseach and Industry
Modeling Groups of Pedestrians in Least Effort Crowd Movements Using Cellular Automata
AMS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Third Asia International Conference on Modelling & Simulation
Activity-Driven Populace: A Cognitive Approach to Crowd Simulation
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
A simulation of bonding effects and their impacts on pedestrian dynamics
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Crowd dynamics modeling in the light of proxemic theories
ICAISC'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Artifical intelligence and soft computing: Part II
An agent model of pedestrian and group dynamics: experiments on group cohesion
AI*IA'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Artificial intelligence around man and beyond
Agent-Based modelling of forces in crowds
MABS'04 Proceedings of the 2004 international conference on Multi-Agent and Multi-Agent-Based Simulation
Validation of agent-based simulation through human computation: an example of crowd simulation
MABS'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Multi-Agent-Based Simulation
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The simulation of pedestrian dynamics is a consolidated area of application for agent-based models: successful case studies can be found in the literature and off-the-shelf simulators are commonly employed by end-users, decision makers and consultancy companies. These models, however, generally neglect or treat in a simplistic way aspects like (i) the impact of cultural heterogeneity among individuals and (ii) the effects of the presence of groups and particular relationships among pedestrians. This work is aimed, on one hand, at introducing some fundamental anthropological considerations on which most pedestrian models are based, and in particular Edward T. Hall's work on proxemics. On the other hand, the paper describes an agent-based model encapsulating in the pedestrian's behavioural model effects representing both proxemics and a simplified account of influences related to the presence of groups in the crowd. The model is tested in a simple scenario to evaluate the implications of some modeling choices and the presence of groups in the simulated scenario. Results are discussed and compared to experimental observations and to data available in the literature.