Communications of the ACM
Morality and machines: perspectives on computer ethics
Morality and machines: perspectives on computer ethics
Robot: mere machine to transcendent mind
Robot: mere machine to transcendent mind
Requirements engineering: a roadmap
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering
Handbook of Industrial Robotics
Handbook of Industrial Robotics
An Behavior-based Robotics
Artificial Morality: Virtuous Robots for Virtual Games
Artificial Morality: Virtuous Robots for Virtual Games
Computationalism: New Directions
Computationalism: New Directions
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence
Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence
Information, Ethics, and Computers: The Problem of Autonomous Moral Agents
Minds and Machines
Computer Ethics and Professional Responsibility: Introductory Text and Readings
Computer Ethics and Professional Responsibility: Introductory Text and Readings
Who Needs Emotions: The Brain Meets the Robot (Series in Affective Science)
Who Needs Emotions: The Brain Meets the Robot (Series in Affective Science)
On the Morality of Artificial Agents
Minds and Machines
The responsibility gap: Ascribing responsibility for the actions of learning automata
Ethics and Information Technology
A Pragmatic Evaluation of the Theory of Information Ethics
Ethics and Information Technology
Computer Systems and Responsibility: A Normative Look at Technological Complexity
Ethics and Information Technology
Artificial Morality: Top-down, Bottom-up, and Hybrid Approaches
Ethics and Information Technology
Freedom and Privacy in Ambient Intelligence
Ethics and Information Technology
Delegating and Distributing Morality: Can We Inscribe Privacy Protection in a Machine?
Ethics and Information Technology
A dialogue on responsibility, moral agency, and IT systems
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on Applied computing
IEEE Intelligent Systems
The Nature, Importance, and Difficulty of Machine Ethics
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Computer systems: Moral entities but not moral agents
Ethics and Information Technology
The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind
The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind
Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age
Robots Unlimited: Life in a Virtual Age
The ethics of designing artificial agents
Ethics and Information Technology
Ethics and Information Technology
Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong
Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong
Organizational and Technological Implications of Cognitive Machines: Designing Future Information Management Systems
Sharing Moral Responsibility with Robots: A Pragmatic Approach
Proceedings of the 2008 conference on Tenth Scandinavian Conference on Artificial Intelligence: SCAI 2008
Handbook of Research on Synthetic Emotions and Sociable Robotics: New Applications in Affective Computing and Artificial Intelligence
Towards robust human robot collaboration in industrial environments
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Towards industrial robots with human-like moral responsibilities
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Ethics and Robotics
Moral appearances: emotions, robots, and human morality
Ethics and Information Technology
Communications of the ACM
Developing artificial agents worthy of trust: "Would you buy a used car from this artificial agent?"
Ethics and Information Technology
Moral Responsibility for Computing Artifacts: "The Rules"
IT Professional
Negotiating autonomy and responsibility in military robots
Ethics and Information Technology
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Among ethicists and engineers within robotics there is an ongoing discussion as to whether ethical robots are possible or even desirable. We answer both of these questions in the positive, based on an extensive literature study of existing arguments. Our contribution consists in bringing together and reinterpreting pieces of information from a variety of sources. One of the conclusions drawn is that artifactual morality must come in degrees and depend on the level of agency, autonomy and intelligence of the machine. Moral concerns for agents such as intelligent search machines are relatively simple, while highly intelligent and autonomous artifacts with significant impact and complex modes of agency must be equipped with more advanced ethical capabilities. Systems like cognitive robots are being developed that are expected to become part of our everyday lives in future decades. Thus, it is necessary to ensure that their behaviour is adequate. In an analogy with artificial intelligence, which is the ability of a machine to perform activities that would require intelligence in humans, artificial morality is considered to be the ability of a machine to perform activities that would require morality in humans. The capacity for artificial (artifactual) morality, such as artifactual agency, artifactual responsibility, artificial intentions, artificial (synthetic) emotions, etc., come in varying degrees and depend on the type of agent. As an illustration, we address the assurance of safety in modern High Reliability Organizations through responsibility distribution. In the same way that the concept of agency is generalized in the case of artificial agents, the concept of moral agency, including responsibility, is generalized too. We propose to look at artificial moral agents as having functional responsibilities within a network of distributed responsibilities in a socio-technological system. This does not take away the responsibilities of the other stakeholders in the system, but facilitates an understanding and regulation of such networks. It should be pointed out that the process of development must assume an evolutionary form with a number of iterations because the emergent properties of artifacts must be tested in real world situations with agents of increasing intelligence and moral competence. We see this paper as a contribution to the macro-level Requirement Engineering through discussion and analysis of general requirements for design of ethical robots.