Information-seeking strategies of novices using a full-text electronic encyclopedia
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
A behavioural model for information retrieval system design
Journal of Information Science
The cost structure of sensemaking
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Orienteering in an information landscape: how information seekers get from here to there
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Information seeking in electronic environments
Information seeking in electronic environments
Task complexity affects information seeking and use
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Information seeking in electronic environments
Information seeking in electronic environments
Journal of the American Society for Information Science - Special topic issue on digital libraries: part 2
User's perception of relevance of spoken documents
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
The perfect search engine is not enough: a study of orienteering behavior in directed search
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Designing search engine user interfaces for the visually impaired
W4A '04 Proceedings of the 2004 international cross-disciplinary workshop on Web accessibility (W4A)
Here, there, anywhere: remote usability testing that works
CITC5 '04 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Information technology education
A temporal comparison of AltaVista Web searching: Research Articles
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
How users assess web pages for information seeking
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Digital libraries' support for the user's 'information journey'
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE-CS joint conference on Digital libraries
Query expansion behavior within a thesaurus-enhanced search environment: A user-centered evaluation
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Testing google interfaces modified for the blind
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on World Wide Web
A study of real-time query expansion effectiveness
SIGIR '06 Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Using think aloud protocol with blind users:: a case for inclusive usability evaluation methods
Proceedings of the 8th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
Improving search engine interfaces for blind users: a case study
Universal Access in the Information Society
What happened to remote usability testing?: an empirical study of three methods
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
WebinSitu: a comparative analysis of blind and sighted browsing behavior
Proceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
A longitudinal study of real-time search assistance adoption
Proceedings of the 31st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Transforming graphical interfaces into auditory interfaces for blind users
Human-Computer Interaction
Search User Interfaces
More than meets the eye: a survey of screen-reader browsing strategies
Proceedings of the 2010 International Cross Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A)
Assessing the scenic route: measuring the value of search trails in web logs
Proceedings of the 33rd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Coping tactics employed by visually disabled users on the web
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Cross-modal collaborative information seeking (CCIS): an exploratory study
BCS-HCI '13 Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference
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Understanding search behavior is important and leads to more effective interfaces that support searchers throughout the search process. In this article, through an observational user study, we investigate the search behavior of 15 visually impaired and 15 sighted searchers while they complete complex search tasks online. We study complex search tasks because they are challenging, cognitively intensive and affect performance of searchers. We compare the behavior of the two groups of searchers at four stages of the information-seeking process namely, Query Formulation, Search Results Exploration, Query Reformulation, and Search Results Management. For each stage, we identify research questions to investigate the impact of speech-based screen readers on the information-seeking behavior of visually impaired users. Significant differences were observed during query formulation and in the use of query-level support features such as query suggestions and spelling suggestions. In addition, screen-reader users submitted a lower number of queries and displayed comparatively limited exploratory behavior during search results exploration. We investigate how a lack of visual cues affected visually impaired searchers' approach towards query reformulation and observed different strategies to manage and use information encountered during the search process. We discuss the implications that our findings have for the design of search interfaces and propose a set of design guidelines to consider when designing interfaces that are usable and accessible with screen readers. This work also enhances our understanding of search behavior when using an auditory interface and could be useful when designing audio-based information retrieval systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.