Synchronous state frequency in mutually coupled PLL networks
ICECS'03 Proceedings of the 2nd WSEAS International Conference on Electronics, Control and Signal Processing
Time transfer in impulse radio networks
IEEE Transactions on Communications
Synchronization in sensor networks: an overview
MILCOM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE conference on Military communications
Carrier ethernet for mobile backhaul
IEEE Communications Magazine
Modeling and filtering double-frequency jitter in one-way master-slave chain networks
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Regular Papers - Special section on 2009 IEEE system-on-chip conference
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Network synchronization, at first unknown and considered irrelevant to the operation and performance of telecommunications networks, has played an increasingly important role throughout the evolution of telecommunications, especially since transmission and switching became digital. This survey deals with telecommunications network synchronization from a historical point of view, aiming to show how network synchronization issues have evolved with telephone networks over the last 30 years, beginning with old FDM networks up to the latest technologies through PDH, SDH/SONET, and ATM. For each case, the different synchronization needs and the peculiar techniques of timing transfer and distribution are pointed out, thus providing a comprehensive overview of the evolution steps of telecommunications network synchronization