A Virtual Assistant for Web-Based Training in Engineering Education
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
ITS '00 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Redefining the learning companion: the past, present, and future of educational agents
Computers & Education
A tutoring and student modelling paradigm for gaming environments
SIGCSE '76 Proceedings of the ACM SIGCSE-SIGCUE technical symposium on Computer science and education
A multi-national study of reading and tracing skills in novice programmers
Working group reports from ITiCSE on Innovation and technology in computer science education
Development of an automatic customer service system on the internet
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
Factors in novice programmers' poor tracing skills
Proceedings of the 12th annual SIGCSE conference on Innovation and technology in computer science education
Developing a Computer-Supported Tutoring Interaction Component with Interaction Data Reuse
ITS '08 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
The Behavior of Tutoring Systems
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Effective feedback content for tutoring complex skills
Human-Computer Interaction
The ASSISTment Builder: Supporting the Life Cycle of Tutoring System Content Creation
IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies
A New Paradigm for Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Example-Tracing Tutors
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
ASPIRE: An Authoring System and Deployment Environment for Constraint-Based Tutors
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Authoring Model-Tracing Cognitive Tutors
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Enhancing the automatic generation of hints with expert seeding
ITS'10 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems - Volume Part II
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-centered strategies for revolutionizing e-learning
Tracing quiz set to identify novices' programming misconceptions
Proceedings of the 13th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research
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This study proposes a virtual teaching assistant (VTA) to share teacher tutoring tasks in helping students practice program tracing and proposes two mechanisms of complementing machine intelligence and human intelligence to develop the VTA. The first mechanism applies machine intelligence to extend human intelligence (teacher answers) to evaluate the correctness of student program tracing answers, to locate student errors, and to generate hints to indicate errors. The second mechanism applies machine intelligence to reuse human intelligence (previous hints that the teacher gave to other students in a similar error situation) to provide program-specific hints. Two evaluations were conducted with 85 and 64 participants, respectively. The evaluation results showed that the system helped above 89% of students correct their errors. The error-indicating hints generated by the first mechanism help students correct more than half of errors. Each teacher-generated hint was reused averagely three times by the second mechanism. The results also revealed that some error situations occurred frequently and occupied a major occurred percentage of student error situations. In sum, the VTA and these two mechanisms reduce teacher tutoring load and reduce the complexity of developing machine intelligence.