Communications of the ACM
IBM computer usability satisfaction questionnaires: psychometric evaluation and instructions for use
International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction
Usability problem identification using both low- and high-fidelity prototypes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
DENIM: finding a tighter fit between tools and practice for Web site design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A visual language for sketching large and complex interactive designs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Low-fi prototyping for mobile devices
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Papiercraft: A gesture-based command system for interactive paper
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
A mixed-fidelity prototyping tool for mobile devices
AVI '08 Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Lessons from early stages design of mobile applications
Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Human computer interaction with mobile devices and services
A Comparison of Pseudo-paper and Paper Prototyping Methods for Mobile Evaluations
OTM '08 Proceedings of the OTM Confederated International Workshops and Posters on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: 2008 Workshops: ADI, AWeSoMe, COMBEK, EI2N, IWSSA, MONET, OnToContent + QSI, ORM, PerSys, RDDS, SEMELS, and SWWS
FEATURE: "Paper in screen" prototyping: an agile technique to anticipate the mobile experience
interactions - The Waste Manifesto
A mobile tool for in-situ prototyping
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services
FrameWire: a tool for automatically extracting interaction logic from paper prototyping tests
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
NiCEBook: supporting natural note taking
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A sketching tool for designing anyuser, anyplatform, anywhere user interfaces
INTERACT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 IFIP TC13 international conference on Human-Computer Interaction
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Paper prototyping is commonly used to identify usability problems in the early stages of user interface design, but it is not very well suited for the evaluation of mobile interfaces. The reason is that mobile applications are used in a rich real-world context, which is hard to emulate with a paper prototype. A more powerful technique is to test the design on a mobile device, but building a functional design prototype requires much more effort. In this paper, we try to get the best of both worlds by building interactive prototypes with a digital pen. We developed a system which allows for sketching a user interface on paper and manually associating the interface elements with functionality. This enables designers to bring their design ideas to paper without any restrictions, define the meaning of selected interface elements, and test them on a mobile device instantaneously. We conducted a user study in which the participants had to design and test a small application with our system. The results provide evidence for the feasibility and positive aspects of our approach, but also showed some limitations and missing functionalities of its current implementation.