CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Coding, Analysis, Interpretation, and Recognition of Facial Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Affective computing
Recognizing Action Units for Facial Expression Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence - Graph Algorithms and Computer Vision
This computer responds to user frustration
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Affective multimodal human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
The effectiveness of social agents in reducing user frustration
CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Fully Automatic Facial Action Unit Detection and Temporal Analysis
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking
Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking
Feel the Difference: A Guide with Attitude!
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Pose-Invariant Facial Expression Recognition Using Variable-Intensity Templates
International Journal of Computer Vision
Design an empathic virtual human to encourage and persuade learners in e-learning systems
MTDL '09 Proceedings of the first ACM international workshop on Multimedia technologies for distance learning
Effects of (in)accurate empathy and situational valence on attitudes towards robots
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Choreographing emotional facial expressions
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA' 2010 Special Issue
Evaluating affective feedback of the 3d agent max in a competitive cards game
ACII'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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Affective computing and emotional agents have been found to have a positive effect on human-computer interactions. In order to develop an acceptable emotional agent for use in a self-service interaction, two stages of research were identified and carried out; the first to determine which facial expressions are present in such an interaction and the second to determine which emotional agent behaviours are perceived as appropriate during a problematic self-service shopping task. In the first stage, facial expressions associated with negative affect were found to occur during self-service shopping interactions, indicating that facial expression detection is suitable for detecting negative affective states during self-service interactions. In the second stage, user perceptions of the emotional facial expressions displayed by an emotional agent during a problematic self-service interaction were gathered. Overall, the expression of disgust was found to be perceived as inappropriate while emotionally neutral behaviour was perceived as appropriate, however gender differences suggested that females perceived surprise as inappropriate. Results suggest that agents should change their behaviour and appearance based on user characteristics such as gender.