What architects see in their sketches: implications for design tools
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CavePainting: a fully immersive 3D artistic medium and interactive experience
I3D '01 Proceedings of the 2001 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Surface drawing: creating organic 3D shapes with the hand and tangible tools
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Annotating and sketching on 3D web models
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Information Availability in 2D and 3D Displays
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Spacedesign: A Mixed Reality Workspace for Aesthetic Industrial Design
ISMAR '02 Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
The interplay of beauty, goodness, and usability in interactive products
Human-Computer Interaction
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design
Drawing on Air: Input Techniques for Controlled 3D Line Illustration
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Sketching in early conceptual phases of product design: guidelines and tools
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
From raw 3D-sketches to exact CAD product models: concept for an assistant-system
SBM'04 Proceedings of the First Eurographics conference on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling
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As immersive 3-d user interfaces reach broader acceptance, their use as sketching media is attracting both commercial and academic research. So far little is known about user requirements and cognitive aspects of immersive 3-d sketching. Also its integration into the workflow of virtual product development is far from being solved. In this paper we present results from two focus group expert discussions and a comparative user study on immersive 3-d sketching which we conducted among professional furniture designers. The results of the focus groups show a strong interest in using the three-dimensional space as a medium for conceptual design. Users expect it to provide new means for the sketching process, namely spatiality, one-to-one proportions, associations, and formability. Eight groups of functions required for 3-d sketching were generated during the discussions. The results from the user study show that both the sketching process and the resulting sketches differ in the 2-d and 3-d condition, namely in terms of the perceived fluency of sketch creation, of the perceived appropriateness for the task, of the perceived stimulation by the medium, movement speed, sketch sizes, details, functional aspects, and usage time. We argue that both 2-d and 3-d sketching are relevant for early conceptual design. As progress towards 3-d sketching, new tangible interactive tools are needed which account for the user's perceptual and cognitive abilities.