End-to-end packet delay and loss behavior in the internet
SIGCOMM '93 Conference proceedings on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
Patterns of network and user activity in an inhabited television event
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Coping with inconsistency due to network delays in collaborative virtual environments
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
The DiveBone—an application-level network architecture for Internet-based CVEs
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Real-time voice communication over the internet using packet path diversity
MULTIMEDIA '01 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Multimedia
Notes on the use of RTP for shared workspace applications
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Real-Time Collaboration in Heterogeneous Computing Environments
ITCC '00 Proceedings of the The International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'00)
Proceedings of 3rd ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Network and system support for games
CSCW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Long-distance 802.11b links: performance measurements and experience
Proceedings of the 12th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Latency and player actions in online games
Communications of the ACM - Entertainment networking
The effects of network delays on group work in real-time groupware
ECSCW'01 Proceedings of the seventh conference on European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Beyond the lan: techniques from network games for improving groupware performance
Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work
The effects of local lag on tightly-coupled interaction in distributed groupware
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Wireless reliability: Rethinking 802.11 packet loss
WOWMOM '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
The human factors of consistency maintenance in multiplayer computer games
Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Supporting group work
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition: A Systems Approach
Computer Networks, Fifth Edition: A Systems Approach
Quality of service for networked virtual environments
IEEE Communications Magazine
Forward error correction strategies for media streaming over wireless networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
A survey of packet loss recovery techniques for streaming audio
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
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Real-time distributed groupware sends several kinds of messages with varying quality-of-service requirements. However, standard network protocols do not provide the flexibility needed to support these different requirements (either providing too much reliability or too little), leading to poor performance on real-world networks. To address this problem, we investigated the use of an application-level networking technique called adaptive forward error correction (AFEC) for real-time groupware. AFEC can maintain a predefined level of reliability while avoiding the overhead of packet acknowledgement or retransmission. We analysed the requirements of typical real-time groupware systems and developed an AFEC technique to meet these needs. We tested the new technique in an experiment that measured message reliability and latency using TCP, plain UDP, UDP with non-adaptive FEC, and UDP with our AFEC scheme, under several simulated network conditions. Our results show that for awareness messages that can tolerate some loss, FEC approaches keep latency at nearly the plain-UDP level while dramatically improving reliability. In addition, adaptive FEC is the only technique that can maintain a specified level of reliability and also minimize delay as network conditions change. Our study shows that groupware AFEC can be a useful tool for improving the real-world performance and usability of real-time groupware.