Integrating External and Internal Clock Synchronization
Real-Time Systems - Special issue on global time in large scale distributed real-time systems, part II
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A wireless sensor network For structural monitoring
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Global Clock Synchronization in Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Algorithmic aspects of the time synchronization problem in large-scale sensor networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Gradient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks
Optimal clock synchronization in networks
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
ISPAN '09 Proceedings of the 2009 10th International Symposium on Pervasive Systems, Algorithms, and Networks
An energy efficient and fault-tolerant clock synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks
COMSNETS'10 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on COMmunication systems and NETworks
Energy-Efficient Gradient Time Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks
CICSYN '10 Proceedings of the 2010 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks
Clock synchronization for wireless networks
OPODIS'04 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Principles of Distributed Systems
Optimal clock synchronization under energy constraints in wireless ad-hoc networks
OPODIS'05 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Principles of Distributed Systems
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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have many application scenarios where external clock synchronisation may be required because a WSN may consist of components which are not connected to each other. In this paper, we first propose a novel weighted average-based internal clock synchronisation (WICS) protocol, which synchronises all the clocks of a WSN with the clock of a reference node periodically. Based on this protocol, we then propose our weighted average-based external clock synchronisation (WECS) protocol. We have analysed the proposed protocols for maximum synchronisation error and shown that it is always upper bounded. Extensive simulation studies of the proposed protocols have been carried out using Castalia simulator. Simulation results validate our above theoretical claim and also show that the proposed protocols perform better in comparison to other protocols in terms of synchronisation accuracy. A prototype implementation of the WICS protocol using a few TelosB motes also validates the above conclusions.