Pin: building customized program analysis tools with dynamic instrumentation
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGPLAN conference on Programming language design and implementation
Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices
IT Professional
Architecting phase change memory as a scalable dram alternative
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Scalable high performance main memory system using phase-change memory technology
Proceedings of the 36th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
PDRAM: a hybrid PRAM and DRAM main memory system
Proceedings of the 46th Annual Design Automation Conference
The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines
The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design of Warehouse-Scale Machines
Enhancing lifetime and security of PCM-based main memory with start-gap wear leveling
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture
Increasing PCM main memory lifetime
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
Page placement in hybrid memory systems
Proceedings of the international conference on Supercomputing
Power management of hybrid DRAM/PRAM-based main memory
Proceedings of the 48th Design Automation Conference
PRAM wear-leveling algorithm for hybrid main memory based on data buffering, swapping, and shifting
Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
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The recent technology faces the challenges to reduce energy consumption of DRAM, which consumes about 30% of total energy in data centers. Phase change RAM (PRAM), not requiring the charge current because of its non-volatility, has appeared for replacing DRAM. However, it has some disadvantages which are its low performance, high write power, and write endurance limitation compared to DRAM. To overcome these weak points of PRAM, the research related to the hybrid model combining PRAM with DRAM has been progressed. Unfortunately, previous works on hybrid memory is hard to be applied to the market because established hardware needs to be changed. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Page Grouping (APG) algorithm, which manages the hybrid PRAM-DRAM main memory for reducing energy consumption. We suggest the method to store the access information of pages without using additional space and make operating system (OS) can access it. We allocate pages effectively and reduce the migration among them through the grouping of pages which has similar access properties. We can apply our system immediately as a software patch when PRAM is released, because all these schemes are implemented in Linux OS without additional hardware. Thus, we have decreased average energy consumption by 36%, with maximum up to 42%, compared to a DRAM system while access time increases less than 8% including high latency of PRAM.