CONDENSATION—Conditional Density Propagation forVisual Tracking
International Journal of Computer Vision
Temperature-aware microarchitecture: Modeling and implementation
ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization (TACO)
The Impact of Technology Scaling on Lifetime Reliability
DSN '04 Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks
Trading off Prediction Accuracy and Power Consumption for Context-Aware Wearable Computing
ISWC '05 Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers
Optimal State Estimation: Kalman, H Infinity, and Nonlinear Approaches
Optimal State Estimation: Kalman, H Infinity, and Nonlinear Approaches
A Mobile Augmented Reality System with Distributed Tracking
3DPVT '06 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission (3DPVT'06)
Facet: towards a smart camera network of mobile phones
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Autonomic computing and communication systems
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
A framework of energy efficient mobile sensing for automatic user state recognition
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
Resource constrained particle filtering for real-time multi-target tracking in sensor networks
PERCOM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications
Distributed Energy Optimization for Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Particle filter-based visual tracking with a first order dynamic model and uncertainty adaptation
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Particle filtering with adaptive number of particles
AERO '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference
Adaptable architectures for distributed visual target tracking
ICCD '11 Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 29th International Conference on Computer Design
Resource-aware architectures for particle filter based visual target tracking
IGCC '11 Proceedings of the 2011 International Green Computing Conference and Workshops
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There are a growing number of visual tracking applications now being envisioned for mobile devices. However, since computer vision algorithms such as particle filtering have large computational demands, they can result in high energy consumption and temperatures in mobile devices. Conventional approaches for distributed target tracking with a camera node and a receiver node are either sender-based (SB) or receiver-based (RB). The SB approach uses little energy and bandwidth, but requires a sender with large computational resources. The RB approach fits applications where computational resources are completely unavailable to the sender, but requires very large energy and bandwidth. In this article, we propose three architectures for distributed particle filtering that (i) reduce particle filtering workload and (ii) allow for dynamic migration of workload between nodes participating in tracking. We also discuss an adaptive particle filtering extension that adapts particle filter computational complexity and can be applied to both the conventional and proposed architectures for improved energy efficiency. Results show that the proposed solutions require low additional overhead, improve on tracking system lifetime, balance node temperatures, maintain track of the desired target, and are more effective than conventional approaches in many scenarios.