Eye-hand co-ordination with force feedback
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using neuromuscular electrical stimulation for pseudo-haptic feedback
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Untethered force feedback interface that uses air jets
SIGGRAPH '04 ACM SIGGRAPH 2004 Emerging technologies
An electrical muscle stimulation haptic feedback for mixed reality tennis game
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 posters
Non-contact Method for Producing Tactile Sensation Using Airborne Ultrasound
EuroHaptics '08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Haptics: Perception, Devices and Scenarios
Shape-changing mobiles: tapering in two-dimensional deformational displays in mobile phones
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 1st Augmented Human International Conference
SqueezeBlock: using virtual springs in mobile devices for eyes-free interaction
UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Communications of the ACM
PossessedHand: techniques for controlling human hands using electrical muscles stimuli
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Interactive generator: a self-powered haptic feedback device
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
FingerFlux: near-surface haptic feedback on tabletops
Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Rope Revolution: tangible and gestural rope interface for collaborative play
Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment Technology
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
MimicTile: a variable stiffness deformable user interface for mobile devices
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
GyroTab: a handheld device that provides reactive torque feedback
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the 4th Augmented Human International Conference
Supporting interaction in public space with electrical muscle stimulation
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication
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Force feedback devices resist miniaturization, because they require physical motors and mechanics. We propose mobile force feedback by eliminating motors and instead actuating the user's muscles using electrical stimulation. Without the motors, we obtain substantially smaller and more energy-efficient devices. We present a prototype that fits on the back of a mobile phone. It actuates users' forearm muscles via four electrodes, which causes users' muscles to contract involuntarily, so that they tilt the device sideways. As users resist this motion using their other arm, they perceive force feedback. We demonstrate the interaction at the example of an interactive videogame in which users steer an airplane through winds rendered using force feedback. In a first user study, we found our device to cause users to produce up to 18.7N of force, when used to actuate their palm flexors. In a second study, participants played the video game de-scribed above; all ten participants reported to prefer the experience of muscle-propelled force feedback to vibrotactile feedback.