On efficient wear leveling for large-scale flash-memory storage systems
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM symposium on Applied computing
A log buffer-based flash translation layer using fully-associative sector translation
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Write off-loading: Practical power management for enterprise storage
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
The salvage cache: a fault-tolerant cache architecture for next-generation memory technologies
ICCD'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Computer design
A low-cost wear-leveling algorithm for block-mapping solid-state disks
Proceedings of the 2011 SIGPLAN/SIGBED conference on Languages, compilers and tools for embedded systems
Phœnix: reviving MLC blocks as SLC to extend NAND flash devices lifetime
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
SAW: system-assisted wear leveling on the write endurance of NAND flash devices
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
Wear unleveling: improving NAND flash lifetime by balancing page endurance
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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Flash memory is widely utilized for secondary storage today. However, its further use is hindered by the lifetime issue, which is mainly impacted by wear leveling and bad block management (BBM). Besides initial bad blocks resulting from the manufacturing process, good blocks may eventually wear out due to the limited write endurance of flash cells, even with the best wear leveling strategy. Current BBM tracks both types of bad blocks, and keeps them away from regular use. However, when the amount of bad blocks exceeds a threshold, the entire chip is rendered non-functional. In this paper, we reconsider existing BBM, and propose a novel one that reuses worn-out blocks, utilizing them in wear leveling. Experimental results show that compared to a state-of-the-art wear leveling algorithm, our design can reduce worn-out blocks by 46.5% on average with at most 1.2% performance penalties.