The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
SOSP '91 Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Measurements of a distributed file system
SOSP '91 Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Non-volatile memory for fast, reliable file systems
ASPLOS V Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Serverless network file systems
SOSP '95 Proceedings of the fifteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers
SOSP '01 Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Massive arrays of idle disks for storage archives
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
Conserving disk energy in network servers
ICS '03 Proceedings of the 17th annual international conference on Supercomputing
DRPM: dynamic speed control for power management in server class disks
Proceedings of the 30th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Energy conservation techniques for disk array-based servers
Proceedings of the 18th annual international conference on Supercomputing
Power-Aware Storage Cache Management
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Passive NFS Tracing of Email and Research Workloads
FAST '03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Modeling Hard-Disk Power Consumption
FAST '03 Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
Hibernator: helping disk arrays sleep through the winter
Proceedings of the twentieth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Tracefs: A File System to Trace Them All
FAST '04 Proceedings of the 3rd USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies
EERAID: energy efficient redundant and inexpensive disk array
Proceedings of the 11th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop
Interplay of energy and performance for disk arrays running transaction processing workloads
ISPASS '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems 2006
TBBT: scalable and accurate trace replay for file server evaluation
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
Accurate and efficient replaying of file system traces
FAST'05 Proceedings of the 4th conference on USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technologies - Volume 4
Energy-efficiency and storage flexibility in the blue file system
OSDI'04 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Symposium on Opearting Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 6
Thwarting the power-hungry disk
WTEC'94 Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1994 Technical Conference on USENIX Winter 1994 Technical Conference
An implementation of a log-structured file system for UNIX
USENIX'93 Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1993 Conference Proceedings on USENIX Winter 1993 Conference Proceedings
Cooperative caching: using remote client memory to improve file system performance
OSDI '94 Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
Disk failures in the real world: what does an MTTF of 1,000,000 hours mean to you?
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Failure trends in a large disk drive population
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
PARAID: a gear-shifting power-aware RAID
FAST '07 Proceedings of the 5th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Optimizing power consumption in large scale storage systems
HOTOS'07 Proceedings of the 11th USENIX workshop on Hot topics in operating systems
SpinThrift: saving energy in viral workloads
COMSNETS'10 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on COMmunication systems and NETworks
SpinThrift: saving energy in viral workloads
Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Green networking
Towards energy proportional cloud for data processing frameworks
SustainIT'10 Proceedings of the First USENIX conference on Sustainable information technology
GreenHDFS: towards an energy-conserving, storage-efficient, hybrid Hadoop compute cluster
HotPower'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Power aware computing and systems
Energy proportionality for disk storage using replication
Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Extending Database Technology
Efficiently identifying working sets in block I/O streams
Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Systems and Storage
Sustainable predictive storage management: on-line grouping for energy and latency reduction
Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Systems and Storage
International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering
A caching-oriented management design for the performance enhancement of solid-state drives
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Optimizing NAND flash-based SSDs via retention relaxation
FAST'12 Proceedings of the 10th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
Analysis of disk power management for data-center storage systems
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Future Energy Systems: Where Energy, Computing and Communication Meet
Observational wear leveling: an efficient algorithm for flash memory management
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Design Automation Conference
FREP: Energy proportionality for disk storage using replication
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing
Systematic approach of using power save mode for cloud data processing services
International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing
Working-set-based address mapping for ultra-large-scaled flash devices
Proceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis
Ursa: Scalable Load and Power Management in Cloud Storage Systems
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Power-reduction techniques for data-center storage systems
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Efficient dynamic provable possession of remote data via balanced update trees
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSAC symposium on Information, computer and communications security
TreeFTL: efficient RAM management for high performance of NAND flash-based storage systems
Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
XORing elephants: novel erasure codes for big data
Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment
Exploiting Redundancies and Deferred Writes to Conserve Energy in Erasure-Coded Storage Clusters
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Extending the lifetime of NAND flash memory by salvaging bad blocks
DATE '12 Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe
A read-disturb management technique for high-density NAND flash memory
Proceedings of the 4th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems
State-of-the-art research study for green cloud computing
The Journal of Supercomputing
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
dsync: efficient block-wise synchronization of multi-gigabyte binary data
LISA'13 Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Large Installation System Administration
The Journal of Supercomputing
A three-phase energy-saving strategy for cloud storage systems
Journal of Systems and Software
CRAID: online RAID upgrades using dynamic hot data reorganization
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
FAST'14 Proceedings of the 12th USENIX conference on File and Storage Technologies
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In enterprise data centers power usage is a problem impacting server density and the total cost of ownership. Storage uses a significant fraction of the power budget and there are no widely deployed power-saving solutions for enterprise storage systems. The traditional view is that enterprise workloads make spinning disks down ineffective because idle periods are too short. We analyzed block-level traces from 36 volumes in an enterprise data center for one week and concluded that significant idle periods exist, and that they can be further increased by modifying the read/write patterns using write off-loading. Write off-loading allows write requests on spun-down disks to be temporarily redirected to persistent storage elsewhere in the data center. The key challenge is doing this transparently and efficiently at the block level, without sacrificing consistency or failure resilience. We describe our write off-loading design and implementation that achieves these goals. We evaluate it by replaying portions of our traces on a rack-based testbed. Results show that just spinning disks down when idle saves 28--36% of energy, and write off-loading further increases the savings to 45--60%.