The JPEG still picture compression standard
Communications of the ACM - Special issue on digital multimedia systems
PKC '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Practice and Theory in Public Key Cryptography: Public Key Cryptography
A secure multidimensional point inclusion protocol
Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Multimedia & security
Protection and retrieval of encrypted multimedia content: when cryptography meets signal processing
EURASIP Journal on Information Security
Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices
Proceedings of the forty-first annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Privacy-Preserving Face Recognition
PETS '09 Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies
On the implementation of the discrete Fourier transform in the encrypted domain
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Public-key cryptosystems based on composite degree residuosity classes
EUROCRYPT'99 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Composite signal representation for fast and storage-efficient processing of encrypted signals
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Encrypted domain DCT based on homomorphic cryptosystems
EURASIP Journal on Information Security - Special issue on enhancing privacy protection in multimedia systems
Privacy-preserving fingercode authentication
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Multimedia and security
Efficient privacy-preserving face recognition
ICISC'09 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Information security and cryptology
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Efficient binary conversion for paillier encrypted values
EUROCRYPT'06 Proceedings of the 24th annual international conference on The Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing - Part II
Secure advanced video coding based on selective encryption algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Privacy-Preserving ECG Classification With Branching Programs and Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IH'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Information Hiding
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The field of image processing in the encrypted domain has been given increasing attention for the extensive potential applications, for example, providing efficient and secure solutions for privacy-preserving applications in untrusted environment. One obstacle to the widespread use of these techniques is the ciphertext expansion of high orders of magnitude caused by the existing homomorphic encryptions. In this paper, we provide a way to tackle this issue for image processing in the encrypted domain. By using characteristics of image format, we develop an image encryption scheme to limit ciphertext expansion while preserving the homomorphic property. The proposed encryption scheme first encrypts image pixels with an existing probabilistic homomorphic cryptosystem, and then compresses the whole encrypted image in order to save storage space. Our scheme has a much smaller ciphertext expansion factor compared with the element-wise encryption scheme, while preserving the homomorphic property. It is not necessary to require additional interactive protocols when applying secure signal processing tools to the compressed encrypted image. We present a fast algorithm for the encryption and the compression of the proposed image encryption scheme, which speeds up the computation and makes our scheme much more efficient. The analysis on the security, ciphertext expansion ratio, and computational complexity are also conducted. Our experiments demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithms. The proposed scheme is suitable to be employed as an image encryption method for the applications in secure image processing.