ChatterBots, TinyMuds, and the Turing test: entering the Loebner Prize competition
AAAI '94 Proceedings of the twelfth national conference on Artificial intelligence (vol. 1)
Relational agents: a model and implementation of building user trust
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Algorithms for Inverse Reinforcement Learning
ICML '00 Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning
Dialogue act modeling for automatic tagging and recognition of conversational speech
Computational Linguistics
Understanding unsegmented user utterances in real-time spoken dialogue systems
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Natural behavior of a listening agent
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
Overview of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop
HLT '89 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Partially observable Markov decision processes for spoken dialog systems
Computer Speech and Language
The world of mushrooms: human-computer interaction prototype systems for ambient intelligence
Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
A casual conversation system using modality and word associations retrieved from the web
EMNLP '08 Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Point-based value iteration: an anytime algorithm for POMDPs
IJCAI'03 Proceedings of the 18th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Analysis of listening-oriented dialogue for building listening agents
SIGDIAL '09 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2009 Conference: The 10th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Design targeting voice interface robot capable of active listening
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Controlling listening-oriented dialogue using partially observable Markov decision processes
COLING '10 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics
IWSDS'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Spoken dialogue systems for ambient environments
Modeling and predicting quality in spoken human-computer interaction
SIGDIAL '11 Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2011 Conference
Towards building a virtual counselor: modeling nonverbal behavior during intimate self-disclosure
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems - Volume 1
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Our aim is to build listening agents that attentively listen to their users and satisfy their desire to speak and have themselves heard. This article investigates how to automatically create a dialogue control component of such a listening agent. We collected a large number of listening-oriented dialogues with their user satisfaction ratings and used them to create a dialogue control component that satisfies users by means of Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs). Using a hybrid dialog controller where high-level dialog acts are chosen with a statistical policy and low-level slot values are populated by a wizard, we evaluated our dialogue control method in a Wizard-of-Oz experiment. The experimental results show that our POMDP-based method achieves significantly higher user satisfaction than other stochastic models, confirming the validity of our approach. This article is the first to verify, by using human users, the usefulness of POMDP-based dialogue control for improving user satisfaction in nontask-oriented dialogue systems.