A trace-based approach for modeling wireless channel behavior
WSC '96 Proceedings of the 28th conference on Winter simulation
Matrix analysis and applied linear algebra
Matrix analysis and applied linear algebra
The Earth Mover's Distance as a Metric for Image Retrieval
International Journal of Computer Vision
Hidden Markov modeling for network communication channels
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
A Markov-based channel model algorithm for wireless networks
MSWIM '01 Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice
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Markov-based modeling of wireless local area networks
MSWIM '03 Proceedings of the 6th ACM international workshop on Modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
TOSSIM: accurate and scalable simulation of entire TinyOS applications
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Link-level measurements from an 802.11b mesh network
Proceedings of the 2004 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Experimental evaluation of wireless simulation assumptions
MSWiM '04 Proceedings of the 7th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Temporal properties of low power wireless links: modeling and implications on multi-hop routing
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Statistical model of lossy links in wireless sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
MoteLab: a wireless sensor network testbed
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Measurement-based models of delivery and interference in static wireless networks
Proceedings of the 2006 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (Information Science and Statistics)
ATPC: adaptive transmission power control for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Determining model accuracy of network traces
Journal of Computer and System Sciences - Special issue: Performance modelling and evaluation of computer systems
Improving wireless simulation through noise modeling
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
EmStar: a software environment for developing and deploying wireless sensor networks
ATEC '04 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Investigating a physically-based signal power model for robust low power wireless link simulation
Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
Measurement-based approaches for accurate simulation of 802.11-based wireless networks
Proceedings of the 11th international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
The β-factor: measuring wireless link burstiness
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems
Measurement Based Physical Layer Modeling for Wireless Network Simulations
MASCOTS '07 Proceedings of the 2007 15th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems
On the feasibility of the link abstraction in wireless mesh networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Burstiness and scaling in the structure of low-power wireless links
ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review
M&M: multi-level Markov model for wireless link simulations
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Bursty traffic over bursty links
Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
Repeatable and Realistic Experimentation in Mobile Wireless Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
An empirical study of low-power wireless
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
On the mechanisms and effects of calibrating RSSI measurements for 802.15.4 radios
EWSN'10 Proceedings of the 7th European conference on Wireless Sensor Networks
Adaptation of a mixture of multivariate Bernoulli distributions
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Two
On credibility of simulation studies of telecommunication networks
IEEE Communications Magazine
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Modeling the behavior of 802.15.4 links is a nontrivial problem, because 802.15.4 links experience different level of dynamics at short and long time scales. This makes the design of a suitable model that combines the different dynamics at different time scales a nontrivial problem. We propose a novel multilevel approach, the M&M model, involving hidden Markov models (HMMs) and mixtures of multivariate Bernoullis (MMBs) for modeling the long and short time-scale behavior of wireless links from 802.15.4 test beds. We characterize the synthetic traces generated from our model of the wireless link in terms of the mean and variance of the packet reception rates from the data traces, comparison of distributions of run lengths, and conditional packet delivery functions of successive packet receptions (1's) and losses (0's). Our results show that when compared to the closest-fit pattern matching model in TOSSIM, the proposed modeling approach is able to mimic the behavior of the data traces quite closely, with differences in packet reception rates of the empirical and simulated traces of less than 1.9% on average and 6.6% in the worst case. Moreover, the simulated links from our proposed approach were able to account for long runs of 1's and 0's as observed in empirical data traces.