Smalltalk-80: bits of history, words of advice
Smalltalk-80: bits of history, words of advice
Computer
Fast dispatch mechanisms for stock hardware
OOPSLA '88 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
An efficient implementation of SELF a dynamically-typed object-oriented language based on prototypes
OOPSLA '89 Conference proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages and applications
The annotated C++ reference manual
The annotated C++ reference manual
Reducing indirect function call overhead in C++ programs
POPL '94 Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
Optimizing dynamically-dispatched calls with run-time type feedback
PLDI '94 Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1994 conference on Programming language design and implementation
EEL: machine-independent executable editing
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ECOOP '95 Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming
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Efficient implementation of the smalltalk-80 system
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Shade: A Fast Instruction Set Simulator for Execution Profiling
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OOPSLA '00 Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications
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Constraints
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We study the direct cost of virtual function calls in C++ programs, assuming the standard implementation using virtual function tables. We measure this overhead experimentally for a number of large benchmark programs, using a combination of executable inspection and processor simulation. Our results show that the C++ programs measured spend a median of 5.2% of their time and 3.7% of their instructions in dispatch code. For "all virtuals" versions of the programs, the median overhead rises to 13.7% (13% of the instructions). The "thunk" variant of the virtual function table implementation reduces the overhead by a median of 21% relative to the standard implementation. On future processors, these overheads are likely to increase moderately.