Creating user interfaces by demonstration
Creating user interfaces by demonstration
Graphical vs. textual representation: an empirical study of novices' program comprehension
Empirical studies of programmers: second workshop
Inducing programs in a direct-manipulation environment
CHI '89 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Cognitive dimensions of notations
Proceedings of the fifth conference of the British Computer Society, Human-Computer Interaction Specialist Group on People and computers V
Squish: a graphical shell for UNIX
Proceedings on Graphics interface '88
EAGER: programming repetitive tasks by example
CHI '91 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Demonstrational Interfaces: A Step Beyond Direct Manipulation
Computer - Special issue on sharing: high performance at low cost
Watch what I do: programming by demonstration
Watch what I do: programming by demonstration
Prototyping an intelligent agent through Wizard of Oz
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
KidSim: programming agents without a programming language
Communications of the ACM
Why looking isn't always seeing: readership skills and graphical programming
Communications of the ACM
Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions
HCI '94 Proceedings of the conference on People and computers IX
Extending end-user programming in a visual shell with programming by demonstration and graphical language techniques
ConMan: a visual programming language for interactive graphics
SIGGRAPH '88 Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Programming by example
Scripting graphical applications by demonstration
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Naming page elements in end-user web automation
WEUSE I Proceedings of the first workshop on End-user software engineering
Smart bookmarks: automatic retroactive macro recording on the web
Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Explaining how to play real-time strategy games
Knowledge-Based Systems
Integrating multimedia data processing parts in cloud into folder programming environment
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-based Applications and Services
A tangible programming tool for creation of context-aware applications
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing
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An open question in the area of Programming by Demonstration (PBD) is how to best represent the inferred program. Without a way to view, edit, and share programs, PBD systems will never reach their full potential. We designed and implemented two graphical representation languages for a PBD desktop similar to the Apple Macintosh Finder. Although a user study showed that both languages enabled nonprogrammers to generate and comprehend programs, the study also revealed that the language that more closely reflected the desktop domain doubled users' abilities to accurately generate programs. Trends suggest that the same language was easier for users to comprehend. These findings suggest that it is possible for a PBD system to enable nonprogrammers to construct programs and that the form of the representation can impact the PBD system's effectiveness. A paper-and-pencil evaluation of the two versions of the PBD desktop prior to the study supported these finding and provided interesting feedback on the interaction between usability evaluations and user studies. In particular, the comparison of the paper-and-pencil evaluation with the empirical evaluation suggested that nonempirical evaluation techniques can provide guidance into how to interpret empirical data and, in particular, that PBD systems need to provide support for programming-strategy selection in order to be successful.