Is the data encryption standard a group?
Proc. of a workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology---EUROCRYPT '85
A model to order the encryption algorithms according to their quality
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
A known-plaintext attack on two-key triple encryption
EUROCRYPT '90 Proceedings of the workshop on the theory and application of cryptographic techniques on Advances in cryptology
One way hash functions and DES
CRYPTO '89 Proceedings on Advances in cryptology
Privacy enhanced mail design and implementation perspectives
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
A parallel two-list algorithm for the knapsack problem
Parallel Computing
Security Mechanisms in High-Level Network Protocols
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Technical correspondence: on hierarchical modeling
Communications of the ACM
Technical correspondence: on hierarchical modeling. author's response
Communications of the ACM
Technical correspondence: on computational algorithms for product form queueing networks
Communications of the ACM
Technical correspondence: On multiple encryption security
Communications of the ACM
Cryptography, trusted third parties and escrow
BT Technology Journal
How to decrypt or even substitute DES-Encrypted messages in 228 steps
Information Processing Letters
Building Survivable Services Using Redundancy and Adaptation
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Fast Software Encryption Functions
CRYPTO '90 Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Key-Schedule Cryptoanalysis of IDEA, G-DES, GOST, SAFER, and Triple-DES
CRYPTO '96 Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
State of the Art in Applied Cryptography, Course on Computer Security and Industrial Cryptography - Revised Lectures
Enhancing Survivability of Security Services Using Redundanc
DSN '01 Proceedings of the 2001 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (formerly: FTCS)
FSE '98 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption
New Constructions for Secure Hash Functions
FSE '98 Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption
On the Security of Double and 2-Key Triple Modes of Operation
FSE '99 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption
Is DES a Pure Cipher? (Results of More Cycling Experiments on DES)
CRYPTO '85 Advances in Cryptology
A DES ASIC Suitable for Network Encryption at 10 Gbps and Beyond
CHES '99 Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems
Selecting the Advanced Encryption Standard
IEEE Security and Privacy
On-Chip Communication Architectures: System on Chip Interconnect
On-Chip Communication Architectures: System on Chip Interconnect
Accelerating memory decryption and authentication with frequent value prediction
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computing frontiers
A fast pipelined multi-mode DES architecture operating in IP representation
Integration, the VLSI Journal
Design of secure hardware for ATM networks
TELE-INFO'05 Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Telecommunications and Informatics
The implementation of a cryptography-based secure office system
AFIPS '82 Proceedings of the June 7-10, 1982, national computer conference
Challenges in teaching a graduate course in applied cryptography
ACM SIGCSE Bulletin
Weaknesses in the HAS-V compression function
ICISC'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Information security and cryptology
Security of sequential multiple encryption
LATINCRYPT'10 Proceedings of the First international conference on Progress in cryptology: cryptology and information security in Latin America
A 3-subset meet-in-the-middle attack: cryptanalysis of the lightweight block cipher KTANTAN
SAC'10 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Selected areas in cryptography
Different models of information protection system, based on the functional knapsack
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Security of information and networks
Related-key and meet-in-the-middle attacks on Triple-DES and DES-EXE
ICCSA'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Computational Science and Its Applications - Volume Part II
Chosen-ciphertext security of multiple encryption
TCC'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Theory of Cryptography
The security of triple encryption and a framework for code-based game-playing proofs
EUROCRYPT'06 Proceedings of the 24th annual international conference on The Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques
A key reshuffling scheme for wireless sensor networks
ICISS'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Information Systems Security
Neuro-Cryptanalysis of DES and Triple-DES
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part V
Information protection systems based on universal knapsack problem
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks
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Double encryption has been suggested to strengthen the Federal Data Encryption Standard (DES). A recent proposal suggests that using two 56-bit keys but enciphering 3 times (encrypt with a first key, decrypt with a second key, then encrypt with the first key again) increases security over simple double encryption. This paper shows that although either technique significantly improves security over single encryption, the new technique does not significantly increase security over simple double encryption. Cryptanalysis of the 112-bit key requires about 256 operations and words of memory, using a chosen plaintext attack. While DES is used as an example, the technique is applicable to any similar cipher.