Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication
Plans and situated actions: the problem of human-machine communication
In the age of the smart machine: the future of work and power
In the age of the smart machine: the future of work and power
Design at work: cooperative design of computer systems
Design at work: cooperative design of computer systems
A small matter of programming: perspectives on end user computing
A small matter of programming: perspectives on end user computing
Making customer-centered design work for teams
Communications of the ACM
Using contextual inquiry to learn about your audiences
ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation
Technomethodology: paradoxes and possibilities
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Field methods casebook for software design
Field methods casebook for software design
Adaptation of an ethnographic method for investigation of the task domain in diagnostic radiology
Field methods casebook for software design
The ethnographic interview in user-centered work/task analysis
Field methods casebook for software design
An overview of ethnography and system design
Field methods casebook for software design
Introduction to participatory design
Field methods casebook for software design
Contextual design: principles and practice
Field methods casebook for software design
Communications of the ACM - Special issue Participatory Design
Computers and design in context
Computers and design in context
Evolution, not revolution: participatory design in the toolbelt era
Computers and design in context
Three levels of end-user tailoring: customization, integration, and extension
Computers and design in context
Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems
Contextual design: defining customer-centered systems
Representing fieldwork and articulating requirements through VR
CSCW '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Information ecologies: using technology with heart
Information ecologies: using technology with heart
Through the Interface: A Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design
Through the Interface: A Human Activity Approach to User Interface Design
Participatory Design: Principles and Practices
Participatory Design: Principles and Practices
When only the self is real: theory and practice in the development community
ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation
Creating conditions for participation: conflicts and resources in systems development
Human-Computer Interaction
Documentation, participatory citizenship, and the web: the potential of open systems
Proceedings of the 20th annual international conference on Computer documentation
A new role for anthropology?: rewriting "context" and "analysis" in HCI research
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Effective user involvement in product development by improving the analysis of user needs
Behaviour & Information Technology
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Researchers today are increasingly attempting to understand the relationship between technology and work through field methods. Surveying field methods commonly used by researchers to observe such interactions, I critically discuss the assumptions underpinning three methods (ethnography, participatory design, and contextual inquiry) and the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Comparing ways of looking at human-computer interaction across four categories (i.e., theoretical bases, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and design approaches), I provide guidelines for researchers who are considering ways to examine human interaction and work with computer technologies.