The design and implementation of a log-structured file system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Designing disk arrays for high data reliability
Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing - Special issue on parallel I/O systems
The architecture of a fault-tolerant cached RAID controller
ISCA '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual international symposium on computer architecture
RAID: high-performance, reliable secondary storage
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
eNVy: a non-volatile, main memory storage system
ASPLOS VI Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Destage algorithms for disk arrays with non-volatile caches
ISCA '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual international symposium on Computer architecture
The HP AutoRAID hierarchical storage system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS) - Special issue on operating system principles
DCD—disk caching disk: a new approach for boosting I/O performance
ISCA '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual international symposium on Computer architecture
The Design and Verification of the Rio File Cache
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Management of Partially Safe Buffers
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Integrating Reliable Memory in Databases
VLDB '97 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Simulation study of cached RAID5 designs
HPCA '95 Proceedings of the 1st IEEE Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture
RAPID-Cache ¾ A Reliable and Inexpensive Write Cache for Disk I/O Systems
HPCA '99 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture
A performance comparison of RAID-5 and log-structured arrays
HPDC '95 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing
A Detailed Simulation Model of the HP 97560 Disk Drive
A Detailed Simulation Model of the HP 97560 Disk Drive
Disk Caching in Large Databases and Timeshared Systems
Disk Caching in Large Databases and Timeshared Systems
Beating the I/O Bottleneck: A Case for Log-Structured File Systems
Beating the I/O Bottleneck: A Case for Log-Structured File Systems
File system logging versus clustering: a performance comparison
TCON'95 Proceedings of the USENIX 1995 Technical Conference Proceedings
AFRAID: a frequently redundant array of independent disks
ATEC '96 Proceedings of the 1996 annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Reducing disk I/O times using anticipatory movements of the disk head
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
Atomic writes for data integrity and consistency in shared storage devices for clusters
Future Generation Computer Systems - Special issue: Advanced services for clusters and internet computing
CaPaS: an optimal security-aware cache replacement algorithm for cluster storage systems
International Journal of High Performance Systems Architecture
Improving Bandwidth Efficiency for Consistent Multistream Storage
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
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Modern high performance disk systems make extensive use of nonvolatile RAM (NVRAM) write caches. A single-copy NVRAM cache creates a single point of failure while a dual-copy NVRAM cache is very expensive because of the high cost of NVRAM. This paper presents a new cache architecture called RAPID-Cache for Redundant, Asymmetrically Parallel, and Inexpensive Disk Cache. A typical RAPID-Cache consists of two redundant write buffers on top of a disk system. One of the buffers is a primary cache made of RAM or NVRAM and the other is a backup cache containing a two-level hierarchy: a small NVRAM buffer on top of a log disk. The small NVRAM buffer combines small write data and writes them into the log disk in large sizes. By exploiting the locality property of I/O accesses and taking advantage of well-known Log-structured File Systems, the backup cache has nearly equivalent write performance as the primary RAM cache. The read performance of the backup cache is not as critical because normal read operations are performed through the primary RAM cache and reads from the backup cache happen only during error recovery periods. The RAPID-Cache presents an asymmetric architecture with a fast-write-fast-read RAM being a primary cache and a fast-write-slow-read NVRAM-disk hierarchy being a backup cache. The asymmetrically parallel architecture and an algorithm that separates actively accessed data from inactive data in the cache virtually eliminate the garbage collection overhead, which are the major problems associated with previous solutions such as Log-structured File Systems and Disk Caching Disk. The asymmetric cache allows cost-effective designs for very large write caches for high-end parallel disk systems that would otherwise have to use dual-copy, costly NVRAM caches. It also makes it possible to implement reliable write caching for low-end disk I/O systems since the RAPID-Cache makes use of inexpensive disks to perform reliable caching. Our analysis and trace-driven simulation results show that the RAPID-Cache has significant reliability/cost advantages over conventional single NVRAM write caches and has great cost advantages over dual-copy NVRAM caches. The RAPID-Cache architecture opens a new dimension for disk system designers to exercise trade-offs among performance, reliability, and cost.