A retrospective look at PD projects
Communications of the ACM - Special issue Participatory Design
Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology
Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology
Mapping actors and agendas: political frameworks of systems design and participation
Human-Computer Interaction
Creating conditions for participation: conflicts and resources in systems development
Human-Computer Interaction
User participation and participatory design: topics in computing education
Human-Computer Interaction
Participatory Design: Issues and Concerns
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Proceedings of the Tenth Anniversary Conference on Participatory Design 2008
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This article addresses the use of participatory design(PD) techniques in non-research projects from theperspective of consulting. The central categories foranalyzing the course of action and the relationship ofactors are risks perceived by consultants, customers,and clients. The basis of this article is a largenumber of consulting projects where participatorytechniques were used. Overall it seems feasible to usePD in consulting. Still using PD, especially as aconsultant in systems-design, has to be consideredrisky for both consultants and customers. Thereforetechniques that reduce risks are crucial. Several suchtechniques are well known (steering committee,milestones, prototyping). Some additional, morePD-specific techniques are discussed. The analysisfurther led to the issues of organizing the technicalprocess and the group process. Both processes areimportant when using PD in consulting. The technicalprocess assumes responsibility and thereby requiresinvolvement in order to secure contracts. At the sametime this conflicts with the group process whereneutrality is needed. Therefore, separation offacilitation from design by working in teams of two isconsidered. This also supports the expertise neededfor such projects as it is sometimes difficult to findindividuals with both qualifications.