The design of the UNIX operating system
The design of the UNIX operating system
Inside Windows NT
Observing TCP dynamics in real networks
SIGCOMM '92 Conference proceedings on Communications architectures & protocols
The design and implementation of the 4.4BSD operating system
The design and implementation of the 4.4BSD operating system
Web server workload characterization: the search for invariants
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Self-similarity in World Wide Web traffic: evidence and possible causes
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Lazy receiver processing (LRP): a network subsystem architecture for server systems
OSDI '96 Proceedings of the second USENIX symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Removal policies in network caches for World-Wide Web documents
Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Performance issues of enterprise level web proxies
SIGMETRICS '97 Proceedings of the 1997 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Network performance effects of HTTP/1.1, CSS1, and PNG
SIGCOMM '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '97 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Potential benefits of delta encoding and data compression for HTTP
SIGCOMM '97 Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '97 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Eliminating receive livelock in an interrupt-driven kernel
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Application performance and flexibility on exokernel systems
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Cluster-based scalable network services
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
IO-lite: a unified I/O buffering and caching system
OSDI '99 Proceedings of the third symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Resource containers: a new facility for resource management in server systems
OSDI '99 Proceedings of the third symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Some observations on the dynamics of a congestion control algorithm
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
EW 7 Proceedings of the 7th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: Systems support for worldwide applications
The case for geographical push-caching
HOTOS '95 Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-V)
Characteristics of WWW Client-based Traces
Characteristics of WWW Client-based Traces
Application-Level Document Caching in the Internet
Application-Level Document Caching in the Internet
Measuring the Behavior of a World-Wide Web Server
Measuring the Behavior of a World-Wide Web Server
On the Interaction Between an Operating System and Web Server
On the Interaction Between an Operating System and Web Server
User access patterns to NCSA''s World Wide Web server
User access patterns to NCSA''s World Wide Web server
Scalable kernel performance for internet servers under realistic loads
ATEC '98 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
A hierarchical internet object cache
ATEC '96 Proceedings of the 1996 annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Optimistic deltas for WWW latency reduction
ATEC '97 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
IO-lite: a unified I/O buffering and caching system
OSDI '99 Proceedings of the third symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
IO-Lite: a unified I/O buffering and caching system
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Cluster reserves: a mechanism for resource management in cluster-based network servers
Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
The effects of wide-area conditions on WWW server performance
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Web server benchmarking using parallel WAN emulation
SIGMETRICS '02 Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
An evaluation of TCP splice benefits in web proxy servers
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
A case study of web server benchmarking using parallel WAN emulation
Performance Evaluation
Benchmarking Models and Tools for Distributed Web-Server Systems
Performance Evaluation of Complex Systems: Techniques and Tools, Performance 2002, Tutorial Lectures
Size-based scheduling to improve web performance
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
DiPerF: An Automated DIstributed PERformance Testing Framework
GRID '04 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing
Ranking configuration parameters in multi-tiered e-commerce sites
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Modeling continuous changes of the user's dynamic behavior in the WWW
Proceedings of the 5th international workshop on Software and performance
Replication for Adaptive Responsiveness in Service-Oriented Systems
QSIC '05 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Quality Software
Performance analysis of TLS Web servers
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
Web servers under overload: How scheduling can help
ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT)
A model-based approach for testing the performance of web applications
Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Software quality assurance
MyXDNS: a resquest routing dns server with decoupled server selection
Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web
ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review
Scalable content-aware request distribution in cluster-based networks servers
ATEC '00 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Reducing startup latency in web and desktop applications
WINSYM'99 Proceedings of the 3rd conference on USENIX Windows NT Symposium - Volume 3
Flash: an efficient and portable web server
ATEC '99 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Implementation and use of the PLT scheme Web server
Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation
Burstiness in multi-tier applications: symptoms, causes, and new models
Proceedings of the 9th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Conference on Middleware
Provide virtual machine information for grid computing
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Web workload generation challenges - an empirical investigation
Software—Practice & Experience
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The World Wide Web and its related applications place substantial performance demands on network servers. The ability to measure the effect of these demands is important for tuning and optimizing the various software components that make up a Web server. To measure these effects, it is necessary to generate realistic HTTP client requests in a test-bed environment. Unfortunately, the state-of-the-art approach for benchmarking Web servers is unable to generate client request rates that exceed the capacity of the server being tested, even for short periods of time. Moreover, it fails to model important characteristics of the wide area networks on which most servers are deployed (e.g., delay and packet loss). This paper examines pitfalls that one encounters when measuring Web server capacity using a synthetic workload. We propose and evaluate a new method for Web traffic generation that can generate bursty traffic, with peak loads that exceed the capacity of the server. Our method also models the delay and loss characteristics of WANs. We use the proposed method to measure the performance of widely used Web servers. The results show that actual server performance can be significantly lower than indicated by standard benchmarks under conditions of overload and in the presence of wide area network delays and packet losses.