Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
The garden in the machine: the emerging science of artificial life
The garden in the machine: the emerging science of artificial life
The quark and the jaguar: adventures in the simple and the complex
The quark and the jaguar: adventures in the simple and the complex
Emergence: from chaos to order
Emergence: from chaos to order
Is anything ever new?: considering emergence
Complexity
Design, observation, surprise! A test of emergence
Artificial Life
An Behavior-based Robotics
The artificial life roots of artificial intelligence
Artificial Life
The World of Framsticks: Simulation, Evolution, Interaction
VW '00 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Virtual Worlds
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The field of artificial life (Alife) is replete with documented instances of emergence, though debate still persists as to the meaning of this term. In the absence of a formal definition, researchers in the field would be well served by adopting an emergence certification mark which would garner approval from the Alife community. We propose an emergence test, consisting of three criteria--design, observation, and surprise--for conferring the emergence label.