Statistical dependency in visual scanning
Human Factors
Usable natural language interfaces through menu-based natural language understanding
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
User perceptual mechanisms in the search of computer command menus
CHI '82 Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Menu stacking—help or hindrance?
ACM SIGCHI Bulletin
101 spots, or how do users read menus?
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Dynamic detection of novice vs. skilled use without a task model
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The relationship between scan path direction and cognitive processing
Proceedings of the Third C* Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering
Speed-accuracy trade-off in dwell-based eye pointing tasks at different cognitive levels
Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on pervasive eye tracking & mobile eye-based interaction
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This study was conducted to provide evidence for the nature of visual search processes with menus, and to derive design principles for menu-based natural language (MBNL) interfaces to databases. The effects of window size, window activity, and query length were investigated. It was found that longer queries were performed faster with single active windows, but multiple active windows were rated as more 'natural'. Query times increased with query length, as did eye fixation frequencies, fixation durations, and dwell times. Errors were most likely to occur on the longest query. Fixation durations also varied with window size. However, visual behavior depended on the area being viewed and on the interaction between window activity and query length. In contrast with previous studies, it was also found that menus were not scanned randomly. However, scanpaths were less deterministic with multiple active windows and became even more unconstrained as query length increased. User interface design recommendations were derived from the findings.