Selective instruction compression for memory energy reduction in embedded systems
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
System-level power optimization: techniques and tools
ISLPED '99 Proceedings of the 1999 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Energy-efficient instruction set synthesis for application-specific processors
Proceedings of the 2003 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Power Efficiency through Application-Specific Instruction Memory Transformations
DATE '03 Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe - Volume 1
Low-power instruction bus encoding for embedded processors
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Low-power design techniques for scaled technologies
Integration, the VLSI Journal - Special issue: Low-power design techniques
Low-power design techniques for scaled technologies
Integration, the VLSI Journal - Special issue: Low-power design techniques
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With the increased clock frequency of modern, high-performance processors (over 500 MHz, in some cases), limiting the power dissipation has become the most stringent design target. It is thus mandatory for processor engineers to resort to a large variety of optimization techniques to reduce the power requirements in the {\em hot zones} of the chip. In this paper, we focus on the power dissipated by the instruction fetch and decode logic, a portion of the processor architecture where a lot of capacitance switching normally takes place.We propose a methodology for determining an encoding of the instruction set that guarantees the minimization of the number of bit transitions occurring inside the registers of the pipeline stages involved in instruction fetching and decoding. The assignment of the binary patterns to the op-codes is driven by the statistics concerning instruction adjacency collected through instruction-level simulation of typical software applications; therefore, the technique is best exploited when applied to encode the instruction set of core processors and microcontrollers, since components of these types are commonly used to execute fixed portions of machine code within embedded systems. We illustrate the effectiveness of the methodology through the experimental data we have obtained on an existing microprocessor.