Response time and display rate in human performance with computers
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Impact of system response time on state anxiety
Communications of the ACM
A performance model of system delay and user strategy selection
CHI '92 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Improving interactive performance using TIPME
Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Web Intelligence and Agent Systems
Investigating user tolerance for errors in vision-enabled gesture-based interactions
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces
Distributed autonomous interface using ActiveCube for interactive multimedia contents
Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Augmented tele-existence
When the Wait Isnt So Bad: The Interacting Effects of Website Delay, Familiarity, and Breadth
Information Systems Research
40years of searching for the best computer system response time
Interacting with Computers
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Nearly everyone agrees that computer response time is very important to the users of interactive systems. Many papers have been written describing the bad effects of computer response times that are too long or too short, and many sets of “guidelines” for appropriate human-engineered computer response times in human-machine systems have been published, as well. Nearly all these sets of guidelines are direct descendants of the set published by Robert Miller (1968) about 15 years ago. When Miller wrote his guidelines, he was quite open in describing them as based only on his experience, and he called for experimental data that would allow for the formulation of better, empirically-based rules for setting computer response time for optimal human performance. About fifteen years later, these studies are still missing, for the most part. Aside for the problem-solving studies of Grossberg, et al. (1976), Goodman and Spence (1981), Bergrnan, et al. (1981), and others, the literature is sadly lacking in empirical data to support the simplest assertions about how computer response time affects computer users. Though there is only the sparsest data to support them, several assertions about computer response time and user performance have become accepted as common knowledge.