Using icons to find documents: simplicity is critical
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Form-giving: expressing the nonobvious
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Icon size as a function of display screen
CHI '99 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A featural approach to command names
CHI '83 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Learning and remembering command names
CHI '82 Proceedings of the 1982 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Lexical semantics in human-computer communication
ACL '84 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 22nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Augmenting icons for deaf computer users
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Auditory icons: using sound in computer interfaces
Human-Computer Interaction
Earcons and icons: their structure and common design principles
Human-Computer Interaction
Testing the principle of orthogonality in language design
Human-Computer Interaction
A multiple index approach for the evaluation of pictograms and icons
Computer Standards & Interfaces
The identifiability of auditory icons for use in educational software for children
Interacting with Computers
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Graphic symbols are being used more and more frequently in computer applications, as high resolution displays with advanced graphic capabilities become more common (for example, see [14]). The motivations for using graphic symbols—or icons, as they have been called—in command menus are similar to the reasons graphic symbols have long been popular for use on maps. Their commercial and technical advantages aside, to a large extent the effects of icons on users' performance with a system are unknown. The study summarized here is an initial attempt to understand how commands are represented graphically, to identify the characteristics of icons that make them easy or difficult to comprehend, and to identify the characteristics that lead to retention of the icon-command correspondences. More generally, it is an initial attempt to identify how the user's ability to learn and understand a system is affected by the way in which the commands are represented.