The art of computer programming, volume 1 (3rd ed.): fundamental algorithms
The art of computer programming, volume 1 (3rd ed.): fundamental algorithms
Connectivity in Digital Pictures
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Optimal surface reconstruction from planar contours
Communications of the ACM
SIGGRAPH '76 Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Digital Picture Processing
Computer generated images for medical applications
SIGGRAPH '78 Proceedings of the 5th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An algorithmic approach to controlling search in three-dimensional image data
SIGGRAPH '79 Proceedings of the 6th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Boundary detection in 3-dimensions with a medical application
ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
An efficient 3-D visualization technique for finite element models and other coarse volumes
SIGGRAPH '89 Proceedings of the 16th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Topological considerations in isosurface generation extended abstract
VVS '90 Proceedings of the 1990 workshop on Volume visualization
Surface Parametrization and Curvature Measurement of Arbitrary 3-D Objects: Five Practical Methods
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Topological considerations in isosurface generation
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Fast isocontouring for improved interactivity
Proceedings of the 1996 symposium on Volume visualization
Representation of Three-Dimensional Digital Images
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Generation and display of geometric fractals in 3-D
SIGGRAPH '82 Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A method of interactive visualization of CAD surface models on a color video display
SIGGRAPH '81 Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Span filtering: an optimization scheme for volume visualization of large finite element models
VIS '91 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91
A fast ray casting algorithm using adaptive isotriangular subdivision
VIS '91 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Visualization '91
Animation and 3D color display of multiple-variable data: application to semiconductor design
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Color display and interactive interpretation of three-dimensional data
IBM Journal of Research and Development
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In many three-dimensional imaging applications the three-dimensional scene is represented by a three-dimensional array of volume elements, or voxels for short. A subset Q of the voxels is specified by some property. The objects in the scene are then defined as subsets of Q formed by voxels which are “connected” in some appropriate sense. It is often of interest to detect and display the surface of an object in the scene, specified say by one of the voxels in it. In this paper, the problem of surface detection is translated into a problem of traversal of a directed graph, G. The nodes of G correspond to faces separating voxels in Q from voxels not in Q. It has been proven that connected subgraphs of G correspond to surfaces of connected components of Q (i.e., of objects in the scene). Further properties of the directed graph have been proven, which allow us to keep the number of marked nodes (needed to avoid loops in the graph traversal) to a small fraction of the total number of visited nodes. This boundary detection algorithm has been implemented. We discuss the interaction between the underlying mathematical theory and the design of the working software. We illustrate the software on some clinical studies in which the input is computed tomographic (CT) data and the output is dynamically rotating three-dimensional displays of isolated organs. Even though the medical application leads to very large scale problems, our theory and design allows us to use our method routinely on the minicomputer of a CT scanner.