GROUP '99 Proceedings of the international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
An Adaptive User-Interface-Agent Modeling Communication Availability
UM '01 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on User Modeling 2001
Layered Representations for Human Activity Recognition
ICMI '02 Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces
Layered representations for learning and inferring office activity from multiple sensory channels
Computer Vision and Image Understanding - Special issue on event detection in video
A comparison of chat and audio in media rich environments
CSCW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
Beyond "beyond being there": towards multiscale communication systems
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Multimedia
Unpacking the social dimension of external interruptions
Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Supporting group work
Lost in translation: investigating the ambiguity of availability cues in an online media space
Behaviour & Information Technology
A context-aware virtual secretary in a smart office environment
MM '08 Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Multimedia
PresenceScape: Virtual World Mediated Rich Communication
Bell Labs Technical Journal
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Several groupware systems support casual real time interaction over distance by providing periodically updated snapshots of other people's offices. People then monitor these snapshots to determine how available others are for communication. In this research, we try to isolate what information people use from these snapshots to help them infer another's availability. Research participants examined video snapshots of people posed in typical office situations, and judged how available those people were for interaction. Our first result suggests that people have difficulty extracting information from these images unless image resolution was at least 128x128 pixels. Our second result indicates that people interpret stereotypic situations as indicating varying degrees of availability. In general, people are judged as less available when they are seen to be absent from their office, or in conversation with others. People are judged more available when they are in transition (e.g., entering or leaving a room), and when they do not appear to be working. People at work seem to portray a more ambiguous situation. However, all situations had a minority of people who interpreted the image quite differently. These results have implications on the design of both video and non-video based awareness and availability systems.