The role of natural language in a multimodal interface
UIST '92 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology
Communicative facial displays as a new conversational modality
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Using a human face in an interface
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Multimodal interfaces for dynamic interactive maps
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The persona effect: affective impact of animated pedagogical agents
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems
Effects of message style on users' attributions toward agents
CHI '94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Embodiment in conversational interfaces: Rea
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The effects of animated characters on anxiety, task performance, and evaluations of user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Put your best face forward: anthropomorphic agents, e-commerce consumers, and the law
AGENTS '00 Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Autonomous agents
The impact of animated interface agents: a review of empirical research
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine
Communications of the ACM
Multimodal error correction for speech user interfaces
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Human-centered visualization environments
Human-centered visualization environments
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If user interfaces should be made human-like vs. tool-like has been debated in the HCI field, and this debate affects the development of multimodal interfaces. However, little empirical study has been done to support either view so far. Even if there is evidence that humans interpret media as other humans, this does not mean that humans experience the interfaces as human-like. We studied how people experience a multimodal timetable system with varying degree of human-like spoken feedback in a Wizard-of-Oz study. The results showed that users' views and preferences lean significantly towards anthropomorphism after actually experiencing the multimodal timetable system. The more human-like the spoken feedback is the more participants preferred the system to be human-like. The results also showed that the users experience matched their preferences. This shows that in order to appreciate a human-like interface, the users have to experience it.