Large lexicons for natural language processing: utilising the grammar coding system of LDOCE
Computational Linguistics - Special issue of the lexicon
Database support for software engineering
Database support for software engineering
The Art of Electronics
A tractable machine dictionary as a resource for computational semantics
Computational lexicography for natural language processing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Expert C programming: deep C secrets
Expert C programming: deep C secrets
Design patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software
Design patterns: elements of reusable object-oriented software
Natural language parsing as statistical pattern recognition
Natural language parsing as statistical pattern recognition
Selection and information: a class-based approach to lexical relationships
Selection and information: a class-based approach to lexical relationships
Artificial intelligence: an empirical science
Artificial Intelligence
Communications of the ACM
CYC, WordNet, and EDR: critiques and responses
Communications of the ACM
Commercial applications of natural language processing
Communications of the ACM
Rise and resurrection of the American programmer
Rise and resurrection of the American programmer
Communications of the ACM
Communications of the ACM
Paradigm merger in natural language processing
Computing tomorrow
Statistical Language Learning
Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval
Understanding Natural Language
Understanding Natural Language
The Proper Place of Men and Machines inLanguage Translation
Machine Translation
Machine Translation
HI-VISUAL as a user-customizable visual programming environment
VL '95 Proceedings of the 11th International IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages
GATE: An Environment to SupportResearch and Development in Natural Language Engineering
ICTAI '96 Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence
The Structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary
The Structure of the Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary
Introduction to the special issue on computational linguistics using large corpora
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: I
Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: I
Building a large annotated corpus of English: the penn treebank
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on using large corpora: II
Nymble: a high-performance learning name-finder
ANLC '97 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing
Software infrastructure for natural language processing
ANLC '97 Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing
Semantically significant patterns in dictionary definitions
ACL '86 Proceedings of the 24th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
ACL '87 Proceedings of the 25th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Extracting semantic hierarchies from a large on-line dictionary
ACL '85 Proceedings of the 23rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Statistical decision-tree models for parsing
ACL '95 Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
A taxonomy for English nouns and verbs
ACL '81 Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Exploiting a large data base by Longman
COLING '80 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Computational linguistics
Is there content in empty heads?
COLING '90 Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 3
Approaches to thesaurus production
COLING '82 Proceedings of the 9th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Finite-state phrase parsing by rule sequences
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Message Understanding Conference-6: a brief history
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
The generic information extraction system
MUC5 '93 Proceedings of the 5th conference on Message understanding
Description of the UMass system as used for MUC-6
MUC6 '95 Proceedings of the 6th conference on Message understanding
A simple rule-based part of speech tagger
HLT '91 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
Towards better NLP system evaluation
HLT '94 Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology
Architectural elements of language engineering robustness
Natural Language Engineering
Information Extraction from the Web: System and Techniques
Applied Intelligence
Shallow Knowledge as an Aid to Deep Understanding in Early Phase Requirements Engineering
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
Empirical language analysis in software linguistics
SLE'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Software language engineering
Toward a semantic vocabulary for systems engineering
Proceedings of the International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics
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This paper discusses the nature, history and current characteristics of Language Engineering, which is contrasted with Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics, and which is shown to have attained its own distinct identity in recent years. Major trends in the field are examined, including its focus on large-scale practical tasks and on quantitative evaluation of progress, and its willingness to embrace a diverse range of techniques. The importance of software engineering in this context is noted, as are some sociological aspects of the practitioner group.